Caesars Role in the Collapse of the Roman Republic

Disney s Target Audience And Its Effects On Young Adults...

Socioeconomic Audience. It may appear that Disney’s target audience is primarily children, but with its vast assets Disney’s products reach the full spectrum of audiences from preschoolers to adults. Disney products include television programs, books, magazines, musical recordings and movies (David, 2013). Disney Channels Worldwide is comprised of 94 kid and family entertainment channels available in 169 countries (David, 2013) ABC Family is a mixture of TV series and movies targeted towards young adults and families. SOAPnet owns character driven â€Å"soapy drama† from daytime and primetime soaps to reality shows and movies, targeted at women and adults. Hyperion publishes fiction and nonfiction titles for adults (David, 2013). Radio Disney is available in more than 40 U.S. markets and on satellite radio, mobile apps and the web (David, 2013). Disney’s Consumer Products segment includes worldwide licenses, manufacturers and retailers who design and sell a variety of p roducts based on Disney characters. These products include character merchandise and publications licensing, books, magazines and the Disney Store (Hellman, 2013). The impact of having this diversified group of outlets is shown by its large earning shares. Globalization. Walt Disney Products and Services are found all over the world in different forms and areas. Disney has focused on growth internationally in the last few years. As a global brand, Walt Disney International provides oversight of the company’sShow MoreRelatedDo Animated Disney Characters Portray And Promote The Beauty Goodness Stereotype Essay1512 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Do Animated Disney Characters Portray and Promote the Beauty Goodness Stereotype† (Bazzini et al,. 2010). 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Disney’s collection of princesses have spanned over 78 years, from the first generation Disney princess movies (Snow White andRead MoreAgents Of Socialisation : The Mass Media1120 Words   |  5 Pagessocial media, are we sucked into an electronic world, which changes many of our beliefs and values about how we live our lives. It plays such a large role in almost every person’s life compared to 50 years ago, when the internet did not exist. It effects things such as our political views, tastes in music, views of men, women, gay and coloured people. Media is very powerful in that it is accessible by almost ev ery human being in the world. Over the decades, there has been a significant increase inRead MoreWhy Do We Get Disney Fairytales From?2077 Words   |  9 Pages Where do we get Disney fairytales from? This is a question that ponders the minds of many people. Most stories date back to the 17th century in France where high intellectualized and literary figured men branched out transversely in long distances, stimulating communication, by trading letters, called the Republic of Letters. Not long after, women decided to do the same but instead of being all over the place, they gathered in meetings in Salons. A Salon played a cynical role in during the 17 theRead MoreDisney Case Study Marketing4482 Words   |  18 Pages------------------------------------------------- Febrero 27, 2013 FIRST PARTIAL EXAM Disney: The happiest brand on earth Case Analysis 1. Background: During the second half of the 1980s and 1990s, the Disney Studio experienced a significant growth, and the division had a golden age with annual box office hits with such regularity that even their creative structure started to be known as the Disney formula.. In 1991, hotels, home video distribution, and Disney merchandising became 28 percent of total company revenuesRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Society1929 Words   |  8 Pagesor product, they are not meant to be negative in any way. However, some advertisements, mainly on social media websites, are affecting society, especially women, more than most people realize. The whole point of an advertisement is to find a target audience, capture their attention, and sell an idea. Any person could log into any one of their social media accounts and see an advertisement for anything. Without advertisements, businesses would not be as successful and people would not be as inclinedRead MoreAnimation Development And Computer Generated Imagery2588 Words   |  11 Pagesdramatically changed and has introduced new ways to watch animated films. Disney and Pixar are two huge competitors in the animation development and computer generated imagery (GCI) industry. Computer generated imagery is the process of computer graphics to create realistic images in films, TV and video games. GCI is used to refer to either the two-dimensional or three-dimensional graphics used to create scenes and special effects in films and TV. CGI takes a more realistic approach than traditionalRead MoreCase on the Disney Brand14200 Words   |  57 Pages Study of ‘Disney’: Strategies and factors that helped build the iconic brand. Group 7 Archana Menon 2008 09 A Chandan Pansari 2008 12 A Ranjani Mani 2008 43 A Sumita Das 2008 55 A INDEX Introduction ..........................................................................................................................4 Licensing .................................................................................................................................4 Negative Effects of LicensingRead MoreThe Frightening Effects of Aggressive Advertising Targeting Children1386 Words   |  5 Pages The Frightening Effects of Aggressive Advertising Targeting Children Modern society in the United States is driven by consumerism, advertising is key. For this reason companies have been increasingly targeting children in an effort to increase sales and loyalty to their brands. Brand loyalty is key to their future sales and greatly increases future revenues. For this reason large corporations have been studying and working with large advertising firms in an effort to capture children attentionRead MoreThe Fairytale Of Cinderella By James Poniewozik1763 Words   |  8 PagesEach and every child grows up viewing Disney movies, wearing princess gowns, and buzz lightyear suits. The parents of these children are the individuals purchasing these Disney costumes, toys, candy, and other related items for their children. Our society today accepts Disney and their culture of entertainment as a part of a child’s childhood experience without second thought. Elements of the fairytale of Cinderella has adapted over time to please the culture in which it i s told; yet in today’s culture

The notbook free essay sample

We are all interested in different kinds of movies. Some people adore comedy movies, and some people cannot stand scary movies. Have you ever asked yourself why that is? Why am I attracted to one type of movie and not another? When people create movies they are making them for an intended audience. A movie trailer is a way to show bits and pieces of a movie to capture their intended audience before the movie premiers. I think the trailer for the movie, The Notebook, is a great example. After watching and analyzing The Notebook’s movie trailer several times I have decided the intended audience of the movie is women, the ages of thirteen to sixty-years-old who may or may not have read The Notebook. I do believe this movie was mainly directed for women. One reason why I believe this is because women tend to love a good love story or â€Å"chick flicks†; I personally do. In the trailer it shows several doves flying and in the background there is soft music playing. Those are key clues that there is romance in the movie. Women are claimed to generally be more sensitive than men. So when women see a romance story unfolding in a movie trailer, they are typically more drawn to it rather than men. Women can be drawn to the movie as well if they can relate to what is happening in the story. After watching the trailer it appears as if there is a girl lead who is in love. With a girl being a lead it automatically makes it relatable to other girls. It can also be relatable if any girl is or has been in love. In the trailer is seems as if there is a male lead as well. Typically in a romance movie the male lead is attractive. Girls go watch movies all the time just to watch a cute boy actor. The girl who appears to be the lead in the movie is Rachel McAdams. Rachel starred in the movie Mean Girls which premiered just a few months before The Notebook came to theaters as well. Mean Girls is a movie that tons of women watched and loved. It was typed a â€Å"chick flick. † Girls who enjoyed the movie Mean Girls and Rachel McAdams are more likely to watch The Notebook opposed to someone who didn’t care for Mean Girls or Rachel as much. After watching the trailer I came to the conclusion that women the ages of thirteen to sixty-years-old would be interested in watching the movie The Notebook. For starters, at the very beginning of the trailer is says you must be at least thirteen-years-old to watch the movie. They are obviously going to need to draw in that certain age group. So right off the bat we know the youngest age they want to attract. Thirteen is also around the age where you start to become interested in boys. This goes back to being able to relate to the situation in the movie. Also, if you are going to see a movie and enjoy it, you are going to need to understand what is happening. When you are thirteen-years-old you typically start learning and understanding what a relationship is whether you have been in one or not. When you are in that stage of life, it can make the movie seem very relateable. The reason why I stopped the age at sixty-years-old was because in the trailer it shows a brief war scene. This indicated that there might be a time of war in the movie. Most women of age sixty have experienced some time of war in their lives. It also seems like a more mature part in the movie which they might understand. There are also some clues suggesting a wedding in the trailer. At sixty-years-old most women tend to be married or have been married. That can be a relatable part in the movie as well. You can also see in some parts of the trailer an older man and women. As the trailer plays there is a voice narrating practically the whole time. You then see at some point an older man and women. It seems as if the older man speaking during the trailer is the older man in the movie. Towards the end of the trailer it shows the older man and women dancing. This is evidence that they have some sort of connection between them. This could spark the interest of older women to go and see the movie. The Notebook was a book before it hit the big screen. It was a success and people were buzzing about how phenomenal it was. Books that become popular get turned into movies all the time, (i. e. , Twilight, The Hunger Games, and Harry Potter), just to name a few. People who read and loved the book are more than likely to go and see the movie. When you read a book you create a  certain image in your head on how the characters look and how the overall story looks as well. People get excited when they find out a great and successful book is going to become a movie. The book then gets to come alive and you can actually see it. It really is a cool feeling. Now, not all people who have read the book will be interested in the movie. People could have heard about the book and was c urious enough to go see the movie. Also, maybe some people want to check out the movie before reading the book. It can give them an idea what the book is going to be about and then they also have a good picture in their mind. After the watching the movie trailer for The Notebook I have decided that the intended audience is women, the ages thirteen to sixty-years-old who may or may not have read The Notebook. Women is the targeted gender for this romance movie because women are stereotypically more emotional than men, there seems to be a well-known women lead which makes it relatable, and there is also an attractive male lead which makes women go insane. The woman who appears to be the lead is also famous from a previous â€Å"chick flick. † This makes women who enjoyed that movie a possible target audience for The Notebook. I chose thirteen-years-old as the youngest age because it is an age where you typically start to understand romance and relationships. You are going need to understand what is happening in a movie if you want to love it. I stopped the age at sixty-years-old because it shows a war scene and clues of a wedding. I feel like those things would attract a women of sixty-years-old who have experienced those events in their own lives. The trailer also suggests an older man and women in the movie as well. The Notebook first started out as a novel. People who have read and enjoyed the novel are more likely to be attracted to the movie. People tend to want to see a real image instead of the image in their mind. If you have heard great things about the book you might be interested in the movie as well. There is always excitement when a bestselling book hits the big screen. The movie trailer for The Notebook was very interesting and I felt I was able to pull a lot out of it. I do stand by my decision that the movie was intended for women, the ages of thirteen-years-old to sixty-years old who may or may not have read The Notebook.

Jamie Turner free essay sample

Six years back he earned his MBA from a top-rated Business school. Turner is struggling in his third management position since he completing his MBA just six-years earlier. Turner is currently working for Modern Lightning Industries, Inc. (MLI) were he is hired for the job Vice President for marketing and sales. Problem Statement Jamie Turner is unhappy about the fact that Cardullo is not keeping his promises and that he is reversing Turner’s decisions. Jamie turner is concerned about this because sales are declining at MLI and things in general are rapidly deteriorating. Jamie turner is concerned about the fact that he is not sure if he took the right decision by taking this job at MLI Inc. Reason for this is because of his Boss, Cardullo, who turned out not to be the friendly guy he was during the interview and who promised Turner he could become one of the Presidents within two years. We will write a custom essay sample on Jamie Turner or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Why and what is the business impact ( sales decrease because bad relationship between turner and Cardullo ) Analyses ( conflict management ) During the case there are a lot of problems that appear. The problems began as early as Turner’s interview. There were a lot of unsaid expectations, the psychological contract between Turner and Cardullo consisted of the fact that Turner believed he would become the new president of MLI Inc. within two years, while Cardullo never actually committed to that. Also, Turner believed he would be learning his way into the new company, while Cardullo gave Turner the full autonomy over pricing within weeks (instead of partially and over a longer amount of time). Turner believed he received too much on his plate too rapidly. Cardullo also appeared to lack emotional intelligence, a key factor in leadership. By the way he yelled at people in public you could see he lacked social skills and showed no empathy. Thereby he created a hostile work-environment and made his employees scared of him. This will not help the general motivation and therefore damage the overall performance of the company. Also, he was not really self-awarded, he does not understand other people and how they see him. For instance, the fact that he could not understand Turner’s reason to sell certain goods below break-even-point and the fact that had the layout of the warehouse revered again, just because he wanted it another way show that he did not understand other people and there way they were doing business. Jamie Turner free essay sample This is reason why they had conflicts with each other. As the Case said, Jamie left previous company Wolf River because he felt himself stagnating in product management and started to think about moving on. His value is to pursuit of high social status and autonomy. So when he entered the MLI, he attempts to show himself in front of others and let upper supervisor accept his ability. He soon began building a product management capability and recruited persons to create a productive team. He is also arrogant, Jamie had the impression that he knew more about the specific than Cardullo did after they finished the interview. However, Cardullo worked for the company for long period, otherwise he is a senior in this company. He needs others’ respect and honor, this is Cardullo’s value. So one is likely to show himself and ignore others, the other is need to respect. We will write a custom essay sample on Jamie Turner or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This situation can easily produce conflict between the two persons. In one of the conflict, Cardullo reminded Jamie that he is still the president of MLI. The expectations of management are also different between them. Jamie expects a team to work together while Cardullo think each manager should run his or her own are with minimal help from other functions. This is potential dangerous for the future conflicts. For example, the attitudes toward one of the director sales Tim Kelly is different. Jamie think Kelly can provide a big help but Cardullo wanted to fire him. What’s more, the believes of them is different too. Jamie believes a cardinal rule in dealing with subordinates taught by his first boss: â€Å"Praise in public, censure in private. † However, Cardullo just did the opposite view, he censured everyone in the public. So Jamie must feel very frustrated when Cardullo blame him hardly in each conflicts, this will make conflicts more deteriorate. Personality I learned that people have different personalities will lead different ways to deal with a same thing. Personality is judged combined with inborn and then developed by our life experiences. Once managers have different personalities in companies, if not balance well, they may emerge big conflicts about company decisions. In this case, some conflicts are leaded by the differences of personalities of Jamie and Cardullo. One different pair is Jamie is likely to be a perceiving and Cardullo is a judging. Jamie is very care about the specific and detailed factors before he made decisions. Cardullo made decisions quickly and based on limited data, such as he just focused on the margins about the sales strategy. We can learn from case that Cardullo came out the new pricing scheme which really planed too simple. In contrast, Jamie thought about the differences in demand, competitive situation, and the unique qualities of each item. Jamie tried to objection Cardullo as forcefully as possible, but Cardullo insisted on going ahead with his plan because Cardullo is a judger which means he attempts to ignore input of others and unwilling to change or modify decision when new data emerge. The other different pair of personalities is thinker and feeler. Cardullo is a thinker, he likes using objective things to measure a decision. He thought Tim Kelly lack of conscious of bigger picture, and have a decision to fire him. But Jamie is a feeler who is people- oriented. He is likely to care about other’s feelings, so he wanted to hold off on that decision. Otherwise Cardullo didn’t want to put himself into other’s shoes, he not consider other’s feelings. Cardullo used a lot of profanity words to his subordinates and even blame others in staff meetings. Cardullo and Jamie have completely different personalities, this must lead them in different thought and behaves. So conflicts of the company’s decisions will continually appear between them. Motivation Motivation is the important piece of managing employee performance. A person can understand goals, but must also be motivated to pursue them. In a company, different people have different motivations, managers need to understand these motivations and use them to encourage employees to perform good performances in workplace. From the case, I know Jamie had left two jobs in less than two years because he wanted to get more extrinsic rewards. He decided to join the MIL because Cardullo promise him the kind of autonomy he was seeking, future promotion which replaces Cardullo as a president, high salary. But after period of time in MIL, Jamie felt Cardullo failed to give some motivation he promised in the interview. Jamie was very angry and disappointed about that. What’s worse, Cardullo even demotivation Jamie about the decisions he made. When Jamie had approved a large sale of excess- inventory halogen bulbs at below the break-even point, Cardullo stormed into Jamie’s office and shouted impolitely. Cardullo also declined all three invitations from Jamie, Cardullo refused to talk with Jamie about the conflicts of decision making. It really made Jamie frustrated in the company. Cardullo really do the wrong thing about the subordinates’ motivation. He not only failed matched the extrinsic rewards he promised Jamie at first but also demotivation Jamie in a rude way. So the conflicts between them are certainly.

Yellow Card

Yellow Card Yellow Card Yellow Card By Maeve Maddox In response to the rope-a-dope post, I received a clever email response couched in other sports analogies. I understood all but one: â€Å"yellow card.† Naturally, I hopped on the search engine to find out what sport that referred to. I discovered that in the sport of soccer, colored cards are held up by the referee when a player commits a foul. The color of the card indicates the nature of the penalty appropriate to the type of foul that has been committed. One of the cards is yellow. A soccer player who receives a red card or a black card is sent off the field. A player who is shown a yellow card continues to play, but has been cautioned that he’d better pay attention to his behavior. Now I understand a blog headline that previously left me puzzled: LIFE JUST HANDED ME A YELLOW CARD The blogger had survived a heart attack. The symbolism of soccer’s colored penalty cards has spread to other endeavors: London police are handing out soccer-style yellow cards to aggressive drinkers, banning them for 48 hours from their preferred drinking spots. In New York City, a comedian dressed like a soccer referee has been handing out red cards to pedestrians guilty of such transgressions as wearing the wrong shoes or taking selfies in inappropriate places. A female journalist has started a â€Å"red/yellow card project† to address harassment issues. She has designed cards that professional women can hand out to men who treat them inappropriately at conventions or in the workplace. The red card informs the recipient that he has done something â€Å"wildly inappropriate† and he’s lucky he got a card â€Å"and not a punch in the face.† The language on the yellow card is less confrontational: If you have received this card, you have done something mildly inappropriate to the person who handed this to you. Your intentions might have been good, but before future engagement make sure that you are being respectful and mindful of people’s boundaries. To a reader who understands the reference, to be told that someone was â€Å"shown the yellow card† is illuminating. For the reader who doesn’t know the expression, or the reader who is familiar with it in a different context, it’s another sports analogy that could be more confusing than enlightening. Other contexts in which â€Å"yellow card† is or has been used: Yellowcard, an American alternative rock band. Yellow Card Scheme, a UK initiative concerning reactions to medicines. Carte Jaune (Yellow Card), a vaccination certificate issued by the World Health Organization. Yellow Card, nickname for the IBM System/370 Reference Summary booklet in the 1970s. Correction and Clarification Update: As the comments below point out, black cards are not used in soccer. (The card descriptions in this post are based on the rules for Gaelic football.) The most pertinent information to take away is that when the term â€Å"yellow card† is used figuratively, it signifies a warning. On a secondary level, this post can serve to illustrate the fact that for some readers, sports analogies can be a source of confusion. The post can also serve as â€Å"a yellow card† to writers to take great care when researching a topic they know absolutely nothing about. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Spelling Test 1Yay, Hooray, Woo-hoo and Other Acclamations30 Words for Small Amounts

Critical Analysis Islamic Moral in Novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan by Ibn Tufail

Critical Analysis Islamic Moral in Novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan by Ibn Tufail THESIS: Islamic moral is an important part of the novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan as well as the author describes the contact of a lonely child with civilization and Islamic religion.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Analysis: Islamic Moral in Novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan by Ibn Tufail specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More I. Picture of doe’s death as an example of the Hayy’s medical reflections II. Demonstration of the characters’ behavior in the unusual situations as a will to show their moral principles according the norms of Islam A valuable power of â€Å"Dweller† as an understanding of the superiority of moral essence over physical body Hayy’s imagination while dancing in a deep trance as the connection with a supreme power III. The connection between Absal and Hayy as a step of exploration of the Islamic principles An Arabic novelist and Islamic philosopher Ibn Tufail wrote his philoso phical novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, supporting the ideas of dissection and autopsy. Obviously, the author was inspired by Avicenninsm and Sufism. As the novel tells us the story of a child who lived alone in a desert, we can see the results of lonely life together with the illness and in a close connection with the universal essence. Islamic moral is an important part of the novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan as well as the author describes the contact of a lonely child with civilization and religion. The story starts with doe’s death. Before its death, it was weak and exhausted. A boy who was near when it died tried to call its name loudly, but the doe did not respond. He tried to scrutinize it in order to see if there was anything wrong with it, but found nothing (Khadra 293).Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A boy decided that the doe was just pretending unconscious and there still was the possibility to wake her up. The reason of his behavior can be found in his own experience in experimenting with his body. He saw that when he closed his ears with the fingers, he could not hear anything until he removed the fingers. The experiments with his nose gave him an idea about what was making the girl be unconscious. He decided that doe could be awake again. However, after that, he found that the defects were in its internal organs that were intact. He concluded that it was inside the chest since all the organs depended on the organ inside it. He, thus, resolved to open doe’s chest to determine the problem and possibly to rectify it. Therefore, the author describes the physical and medical experiments which are based on his experience an interest of this sphere. Although Ibn Tufayl uses the name of Avicenna’s work Alive, Son of the Awake, the Vigilant, the author provides more philosophical narration and demonstrates the characters’ b ehavior in the unusual situations, trying to show their moral principles according the norms of Islam. Thus, we can see the trappings of religion in the text. The author emphasizes that the material goods only distract people from really important issues such as the truth and strong moral position. In this case, the material things can be considered as the distractions. Such position is a typical for those who live according to the moral principles of Islam. The final conclusion of Hayy who tried to save doe was the supposition that there was a power that drove body organs and when it departed, the body also lost its powers. He referred to this power as the â€Å"Dweller† as a valuable power which is more important that body. After that, he started to be interested in the nature of the â€Å"Dweller†, thinking about its form, destiny, and how is it connected with the body (Khadra 294). Ibn Tufayl provides a very interesting picture of the image that Hayy saw in miracle while dancing in a deep trance. There was a picture of beautiful sun and â€Å"sphere of the fixed stars† (Khadra 295). The essence of the spheres contained thousands of faces glorifying God. Hayy saw some essences that looked like his own but which had belonged to other bodies. This image of the connection with God can be also considered within the Islamic vision. The author uses the esoteric tools, trying to express his philosophical and religious vision. Describing the story of a lonely and somehow wild child, Ibn Tufayl wants to present a human solitary, social isolation and also the first connection and comprehension of God.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Analysis: Islamic Moral in Novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan by Ibn Tufail specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More We can see the nature of human logical development. Moreover, such picture of the child’s isolation can be interpreted as the metaphor of the mind’s isolation, closed mind that is not able or not ready to see the real nature of things. It is a model of human development with Hayy as its prototype. The isolated child was growing in a contact with the kindness and gentleness that doe was giving him during his childhood. When a character named Absal arrived to the Hayy’s island, life of the main heroe is going to be changed. Absal decided to go to the island using a boat and some money that he had saved. After arriving on the island, Absal took to worshiping God, eating fruits and animals when he became hungry. Absal saw Hayy as a religious devotee, while Hayy wondered a lot about Absal (Khadra 295). Absal’s initial attempts to communicate with Hayy were failed. However, later, Absal began teaching Hayy his language by telling him the names of various objects and things. Hayy learnt the language quickly and soon the guys could communicate without any barrier. Hayy told Absal about a doe, his vision o f the essences and religion. Finally, Absal came to realize that Hayy was favored by God and he started following his religion. The novel of Iby Tufayl can be considered as the historical and philosophical abstract. The author wants to show the power of the natural reasons as a significant tool that can help living in a harmony with the universe. Obviously, such position is closely related with the moral principles of Islam. Khadra, Salma. Classical Arabic Stories, An Anthropology. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. Print

'the effects job satisfaction has on an organisation in regards to Essay

'the effects job satisfaction has on an organisation in regards to performance & productivity, turnover and absenteeism - Essay Example The satisfaction and dissatisfaction of employees affects the rate of turnover and absenteeism in an organisation. If an employee is not satisfied with the working environment, then he/she can quit the job, which increases the turnover rate. This affects operations of the organisation to a great extent that can even lead to suspension of the work. This study highlights job satisfaction on the turnover rate and absenteeism in an organisation It is observed, from the survey undertaken by CIPD, there is a positive correlation between job satisfaction and pay, promotion and rewards. Thus, it can be portrayed that performance management plays an important role in fulfilling the expectation of the employees. Pay and promotion is identified to be most significant aspects of job satisfaction since it motivates employees to work harder for the organisation. The aim and objective are very important for projects since these direct the whole content. After determination of project aim, objectives are set. The project frames few objectives that are examined in order to justify validity of initial project topic. Psychology plays an important role in various phases of human life. Higher importance is given to mental condition of individuals (employees) in organisations so as to enhance productivity. The human resource management of any organisation takes into consideration the mental well-being of their employees so that their productivity is not harmed. Arnold, et al. (1998 cited in Markos and Sridevi, 2010) has pointed out the two main reasons why job satisfaction has gained importance in the recent years. The first and foremost significant reason is that job satisfaction acts as an indicator of mental condition of a human. Thus, it helps in identifying whether a particular employee is happy or not in his/her workplace. Secondly, it is assumed that if employees are content with their work, then they are motivated to put in their full effort, thereby

Operations Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Operations Management - Assignment Example Techniques such as network analysis and critical path will be applied on McDonald’s restaurant as it is planning to set up a new franchise in Oxford town. 3.1. Linear Programming Linear programming is a technique that is used to identify the best possible outcome for the project considering the constraints or limitations the project manager or the operation manager has. Generally, the best possible outcome would be to achieve the lowest cost or to achieve the highest revenues from the project (Barlow, 2005). There are several reasons why organizations around the world use linear programming. McDonald’s can also make use of linear programming technique as they are setting up a new franchise in Oxford town. There can be different ways by which McDonald’s can use linear programming and some of the ways include: They can use this to find the optimal solution whether they should open the franchise or not in Oxford. Linear programming can be used to identify the number of staff the restaurant should keep. McDonald’s can also use linear programming to decide which products they need to offer. Therefore, McDonald’s can make use of linear programming to find the best solution and make sure that the new franchise is profitable. 3.2. ... Delays in the critical path would result the project manager in delaying in the whole project. By using network analysis, the management of McDonald’s can identify different tasks that would be required to start the new franchise at Oxford town. On the other hand, critical path would be used by the management of McDonald’s to identify the most important activities and there should not be any kind of delays in activities that are in the critical path because it would lead to the delay in the completion of the project. 3.3. Why a large McDonald’s restaurant needs Operational Planning and control Operational planning and control are of immense importance in making sure that the objectives of the project are achieved. Planning allows management to identify what and how things would be done and controlling would enable the management to analyze the performance against what has been planned. Deviations in the execution can be identified and adjusted only if the project is controlled effectively and if proper planning of the project is present (Simha and Word, 2009). Operation planning and controlling are important for every organization regardless of its size (Chase and Aquilano, 1977). Therefore, even large firms like McDonald’s would need to have proper operational plans and control. If the company does have an operational plan, it would lead to delay in the project and there might be possibilities that the project might not be completed. With proper planning, everyone including the operation or project manager would know what is required and how it would be performed and what each person is supposed to do. Controlling similarly will be of high importance to McDonald’s as the company would be able to identify and

Bloomberg and the Soda Law Essay Example for Free

Bloomberg and the Soda Law Essay The soda law introduced by Mayor Bloomberg to ban the sale of sodas larger than 16 fl. oz. at restaurants across the city will have zero to minimal economic impact on people who are currently buying them. The soda ban will have an extremely small net positive economic impact on businesses. And the rationale behind this is the fact that whoever drinks more soda will acquire more soda, regardless of how big or small the drink is. A 20 fl. oz. soda, when banned will be replaced by a 16 fl. oz. cup of soda. How much soda an individual drinks may even increase if instead of drinking just one 20 fl. oz. soda, he decides to get a refill of his 16 fl. oz. soda, something that most restaurants allow. The benefits projected for the society from this law, that may reduce obesity are preposterous. The cost of soda for restaurants is roughly $0. 0132 per ounce (see Appendix). On a 20 fl. oz. soda, the net cost to the restaurant is about $0. 22 (Appendix). A 20 fl. oz. cup of soda at an establishment such as McDonald’s, perhaps the main target of this law, sells for roughly $2. 50. Once the 20 fl. oz. cup is gone, it will be replaced by the 16 fl. oz. cup, but at the same price. The restaurants will re-label the 16 fl. oz. cup as the new large, introduce a 12 fl. oz. cup as a medium and keep the 8 –ounce cup as a small. But will this add significantly to the revenues of the restaurant? It is very unlikely, since the customers will just get refills for their 16 fl. oz. cups. The only economical benefit for the restaurant might be the people who do not refill their cups and this is minimal since the cost of soda is just a rounding error for most restaurants. This law is ineffective because it does not stop the consumer from consuming any less soda from what was being consumed before. The economic impact on the society will be in the red because of the hundreds and thousands of dollars spent on structuring the bill, the flawed methodologies of research that determined a small cup would result in less consumption of soda, and finally the money spent by various groups opposing or supporting this law. To effectively tackle the problem of obesity, the government needs to look at other avenues. Soda is a big cause of obesity, it is made of sugar and has calories, but the ban on a larger serving is not the solution. An effective solution would be to raise the taxes on sodas. Another solution is to ban refills, thus prompting the customer to purchase another soda, which will either discourage the purchase or add more to tax revenues collected by the government. In turn, this tax revenue can be used to build jogging tracks, exercise equipment and other recreational facilities for the community. Another option for the government is to advertise the ill effects of drinking soda and promote healthier alternatives such as fruit and vegetable juices at affordable prices at those restaurants. There are several other options for soda drinkers to consume the same amount of soda when this law is enforced. Restaurants and movie theatres give free refills, convenience stores such as 7-11 are exempt from this law, and grocery stores still sell the large bottles and cases. The answer to this problem lies in educating the people about the ill effects of soda and only then will this law be economically beneficial for the society. This law does not have any health benefits that can be converted in to economical benefits for the society. Appendix: Costing Out Soda Free Refills How to Price Soda. Wholesale Food Restaurant Distribution by Pate Dawson Company. Pate Dawson Company, 2009. Web. 10 Oct. 2012. http://www. pdco. com/node/88289.

Banking :: essays research papers fc

Banking So Much for That Plan "More than 70% of commercial bank assets are held by organizations that are supervised by at least two federal agencies; almost half attract the attention of three or four. Banks devote on average about 14% of their non-interest expense to complying with rules" (Anonymous 88). A fool can see that government waste has struck again. This tangled mess of regulation, among other things, increases costs and diffuses accountability for policy actions gone awry. The most effective remedy to correct this problem would be to consolidate most of the supervisory responsibilities of the regulatory agencies into one agency. This would reduce costs to both the government and the banks, and would allow the parts of the agencies not consolidated to concentrate on their primary tasks. One such plan was introduced by Treasury Secretary Lloyd Bentsen in March of 1994. The plan called for folding, into a new independent federal agency (called the Banking Commission), the regulatory portions of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), the Federal Reserve Board, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), and the Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS). This plan would save the government $150 to $200 million a year. This would also allow the FDIC to concentrate on deposit insurance and the Fed to concentrate on monetary policy (Anonymous 88). Of course this is Washington, not The Land of Oz, so everyone can't be satisfied with this plan. Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan and FDIC Chairman Ricki R. Tigert have been vocal opponents of the plan. Greenspan has four major complaints about the plan. First, divorced from the banks, the Fed would find it harder to forestall and deal with financial crises. Second, monetary policy would suffer because the Fed would have less access to review the banks. Thirdly, a supervisor with no macroeconomic concerns might be too inclined to discourage banks from taking risks, slowing the economy down. Lastly, creating a single regulator would do away with important checks and balances, in the process damaging state bank regulation (Anonymous 88). To answer these criticisms it is necessary to make clear what the Fed's job is. The Fed has three main responsibilities: to ensure financial stability, to implement monetary policy, and to oversee a smoothly functioning payments system (delivering checks and transferring funds) (Syron 3). The responsibilities of the Fed are linked to the banking system. Banking :: essays research papers fc Banking So Much for That Plan "More than 70% of commercial bank assets are held by organizations that are supervised by at least two federal agencies; almost half attract the attention of three or four. Banks devote on average about 14% of their non-interest expense to complying with rules" (Anonymous 88). A fool can see that government waste has struck again. This tangled mess of regulation, among other things, increases costs and diffuses accountability for policy actions gone awry. The most effective remedy to correct this problem would be to consolidate most of the supervisory responsibilities of the regulatory agencies into one agency. This would reduce costs to both the government and the banks, and would allow the parts of the agencies not consolidated to concentrate on their primary tasks. One such plan was introduced by Treasury Secretary Lloyd Bentsen in March of 1994. The plan called for folding, into a new independent federal agency (called the Banking Commission), the regulatory portions of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), the Federal Reserve Board, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), and the Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS). This plan would save the government $150 to $200 million a year. This would also allow the FDIC to concentrate on deposit insurance and the Fed to concentrate on monetary policy (Anonymous 88). Of course this is Washington, not The Land of Oz, so everyone can't be satisfied with this plan. Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan and FDIC Chairman Ricki R. Tigert have been vocal opponents of the plan. Greenspan has four major complaints about the plan. First, divorced from the banks, the Fed would find it harder to forestall and deal with financial crises. Second, monetary policy would suffer because the Fed would have less access to review the banks. Thirdly, a supervisor with no macroeconomic concerns might be too inclined to discourage banks from taking risks, slowing the economy down. Lastly, creating a single regulator would do away with important checks and balances, in the process damaging state bank regulation (Anonymous 88). To answer these criticisms it is necessary to make clear what the Fed's job is. The Fed has three main responsibilities: to ensure financial stability, to implement monetary policy, and to oversee a smoothly functioning payments system (delivering checks and transferring funds) (Syron 3). The responsibilities of the Fed are linked to the banking system.

Cognitive Dissonance in Religion and Spirituality

Cognitive Dissonance in Religion Cognitive dissonance theory was developed by Leon Festinger more than fifty years ago as the most influential consistency theory of attitudes (Fanzoi, 2009). This theory argues that we often justify and rationalise our behavior in order to maintain cognitive consistency (Franzoi). In the classical cognitive dissonance experiment conducted by Festinger and J Merrill Carlsmitch, (Festinger, 1959, as cited in Franzoi, 2009) where a group of people were asked to perform two 30-minute mundane boring tasks where some were paid $1 and others were paid $20. At the end of the tasks, one group was asked to relay the message that the tasks were â€Å"very enjoyable† and â€Å"fun† to the next group of participants. There was also control group where they were not required to lie. At the end of the experiment, the entire group of participants were interviewed and asked the question how fun and interesting they actually found the tasks to be. The result of their finding showed that the $1 liars actually showed more enthusiasm in telling others that the tasks were â€Å"very interesting† and â€Å"fun† than the group who said so for $20. The $1 group was experiencing greater discomfort by telling the tasks as â€Å"very enjoyable† when they felt it was actually boring tasks whereas the $20 liars have more justification for their action. The cognitive dissonance experienced by the $1 liars naturally motivated to change their attitude in order to reduce the dissonance. According to Franzoi (2009), there are some strategies commonly employed to reduce cognitive dissonance such as changing one’s attitudes, adding more consonant thoughts, altering the importance of the discrepant thoughts, reducing perceived choice, making selfaffirmations to overlook current dissonance and changing behaviour. Having laid a little ground work on Cognitive Dissonance, I now wish to examine how we can observe cognitive dissonance occurring in one’s religion and spirituality. I will attempt to establish the premise that one’s spirituality may effect dissonance in one’s religious beliefs. â€Å"Religion is a fixed system of ideas while spirituality is the personal views on the fixed system of those ideas† (Ventis, 1995, as cited in LUTZ, L. 2003). â€Å"Given the Cognitive Dissonance in Religion facts that religious beliefs can be challenged by the critical historical studies, and cognitive dissonance would be generated when this occurred resulting in unconscious alteration of beliefs and attitudes† (Burns, 2006).A Study on Religion and the Role of It on People and Media†¦. When situations become inconsistent with one’s belief, dissonance would occur and needs to reduce it become obvious. When one is being perceived as hypocritical, such as â€Å"not practicing what he preaches, one would engage an unconscious strategy to reduce the dissonance often through the misattribution of arousal to a source other than one’s own discrepant behaviour† (Burns). This is an effective way â€Å"to maintain one’s self-concept as a psychologically consistent and moral person† (Fried and Aronson, 1995; Aronson, 1999, as cited by Burns, 2006). In a 1975 study of young women participating in a Christian youth program were first asked to state their beliefs publicly concerning the divinity of Jesus. They were then exposed to information aimed at disconfirming the divinity claim. The study found that those who believed Jesus’ divinity and also considered the disconfirming information as bona fide dealt with the cognitive dissonance by strengthening their belief in the divinity of Jesus. Those who dismissed the disconfirming information as true did not intensify their stance. The study showed that in some cases â€Å"the dissonance can actually reinforce original attitudes† (Burris, Harmon-Jones, and Tarpley, 1997, as cited in Burns, 2006). Kimberly Mahaffy (1996) did a study on religion and how it effects cognitive dissonance (Mahaffy,1996, as cited by MCCLUNG, 1999). â€Å"This study consisted of participants who were self-proclaimed lesbians who were either associated with a Christian church previously or presently† (MCCLUNG). The objective of the study was to determine do these women experienced dissonance when they realized their sexual orientations. Her finding concluded that the pre-evangelical Christians experienced more dissonance than their counter-parts and some women resorted to denying the supremacy of the Bible and thus Cognitive Dissonance in Religion believe that their sexual orientations may not be against their beliefs (Mahaffy, 1996, as cited by MCCLUNG, 1999). My personal association with two friends who are gay who regarded themselves to be committed Christians, high cognitive dissonance appeared to occur when they first realized their sexual orientations; they even attempted suicides. They claimed to have made attempts to change their behaviour, sought medical treatments but to no avail. They eventually conceded their current lifestyle was not by choice. I would like to cite an observation of cognitive dissonance in my personal spirituality. I used to hold strong conviction that God has ordained the church I pastor to be in Mid Valley; its existence there has been ordained. There has been much self-affirmation with providence for the first eight years confirming and intensifying that stance. However, tension started to develop the last two years when financial commitment became burdensome. Cognition dissonance of spirituality became obvious with questions held in great tensions: â€Å"Why do we need to continue paying high rental to stay in Mid Valley? † vs. â€Å"But isn’t God able to provide? † â€Å"How do we justify paying so much with little result to show? † vs. â€Å"But isn’t it worth it if even one soul has been saved? † â€Å"Aren’t we called to be in Mid Valley? † vs. â€Å"May be God is redirecting our path to elsewhere; better use the money to buy own building. The dissonance to remain in current location and the contemplation to relocate became a spiritual crisis. Coping strategies began to emerge. One member has suggested it is alright to relocate with the hope of returning once we consolidated. The same member altered the importance of the discrepancy with his remark, â€Å"It’s crucial to r elocate to conserve resource than to stay on till a crisis looms large. † I personally entertained the notion of financial limitation as sign of divine redirection. As long as dissonance remains high, justification intensifies. Once I embraced new attitudes justifying relocation, dissonance Cognitive Dissonance in Religion seemed to reduce significantly. With newly changed attitudes and beliefs, previous justification supporting old beliefs become irrelevant. From the observation of studies done by Burns (2006), Burris, Harmon-Jones, and Tarpley (1997, as cited by Burns, 2006), Mahaffy (1996, as cited by MCCLUNG, 1999) and from the reflection of personal affect, one could reasonably conclude that cognitive dissonance has been observed to occur in religion and spirituality.

Some People Think That Personal Happiness Is Directly Related to Economic Success. Others Argue That Happiness Depends on Completely Other Factors. Discuss Both of the Views and Give Your Own Opinion

Some people believe that happiness is related to economic success because only money can make people’s life more enjoyable. When it comes to economic success, the majority of people believe that money means a luxurious life. To begin with, if someone owns great success on economic, that means he can spend more money on whatever he likes and spend more time on his hobbies. Emotionally, money can buy happiness at least to some extent.That is to say, you can buy things that you like in order to fulfill your needs and vanities and this makes you feel happier. You can also enjoy the best education and social welfare. Thirdly, economic success implies high social class and status, which can make people feel happy and respectable. Opponents, however, hold the view that happiness does not depend on economic success but completely other factors.First of all, numerous studies show that happy individuals are successful across multiple life domains, including marriage, income, work perfor mance and health. The happiness exists not only because economic success makes people happy, but also because positive affect engenders happiness. What’s more, It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to fact the dangers of starvation and exposure, but some of them sill lead a happy life because they keep the happy spirit.Last but not least, money can not buy everything, such as friendship, true love and health. You can buy things corporeal, but you can never spend money to ask for more time. In the final analysis, both sides have sound foundations. However, if asked to make a choice, I will not hesitate to assent to the latter. I firmly believe that happiness is not only related to economic success but also links to other factors which are much more significant.

The Purpose of a Jury †Law 200 Level Course

The Purpose of a Jury – Law 200 Level Course Free Online Research Papers The Purpose of a Jury Law 200 Level Course The purpose of trial by jury, as the Supreme Court itself has noted, is to prevent oppression by the government. To perform that role, jurors must act independently and conscientiously, and they must be prepared to just say no if they believe that a conviction would be unjust. Nothing else satisfies the purpose of trial by jury, or provides the protection to liberty that the Founders intended to provide in our Bill of Rights. cato.org/dailys/12-09-98.html The jury are also to judge whether the laws are rightly expounded to them by the court. Unless they judge on this point, they do nothing to protect their liberties against the oppressions that are capable of being practiced under cover of a corrupt exposition of the laws. If the judiciary can authoritatively dictate to a jury any exposition of the law, they can dictate to them the law itself, and such laws as they please; because laws are, in practice, one thing or another, according as they are expounded. They must also judge whether there really be any such law, (be it good or bad,) as the accused is charged with having transgressed. Unless they judge on this point, the people are liable to have their liberties taken from them by brute force, without any law at all. The jury must also judge of the laws of evidence. If the government can dictate to the jury the laws of evidence, it can not only shut out any evidence it pleases, tending to vindicate the accused, but it can require that any evidence whatever, that it pleases to offer, be held as conclusive proof of any offense whatever which the government chooses to allege. geocities.com/Heartland/7394/lysander.html Criminal and civil juries reflect the differences between the criminal and civil law, and most cases in the United States are settled before they go to trial. In cases that go to trial, a person does not have the right to a jury trial in every instance. Finally, an accused person has the right to a trial by jury but may waive that right in favor of a bench trial before a judge; in civil trials, both parties can agree to a bench trial. Thus a jury trial generally takes place only in those instances where one side in a civil case, or the accused, in a criminal case, believes it is in their best interest. The right to trial by jury, however, influences even the resolution of cases that never go to trial, like the visible cap of an iceberg, expos[ing] but a fraction of its true volume (Kalven and Zeisel, 32). crfc.org/americanjury/introduction.html Research Papers on The Purpose of a Jury - Law 200 Level CoursePETSTEL analysis of IndiaCapital Punishment19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoQuebec and CanadaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseHonest Iagos Truth through Deception

Tips for Effective Teacher to Teacher Communication

Tips for Effective Teacher to Teacher Communication Effective teacher to teacher communication is vitally essential to your success as a teacher. Regular collaboration and team planning sessions are extremely valuable. Engaging in these practices has a positive impact on teacher effectiveness. Education is a highly difficult concept for those outside the field to understand. Having peers that you can collaborate with and lean on during tough times is essential. If you find yourself in isolation and/or always having a conflict with your peers, then there is a reasonable chance that you may need to make some changes yourself. What to Avoid When Talking to Fellow Faculty Here are seven things to avoid when trying to build positive relationships with faculty and staff members at school. Do not talk about or discuss your co-workers with your students.  It undermines the authority of that teacher and additionally taints your credibility.Do not engage in conversation or discuss your co-workers with a parent. Doing so is unprofessional at best and will create significant problems.Do not talk about or discuss your co-worker with other co-workers. It creates an atmosphere of divisiveness, mistrust, and animosity.Do not isolate yourself on a regular basis.  It is not a healthy practice.  It serves as a hindrance to your overall growth as a teacher.Avoid being confrontational or combative.  Be professional.  You may disagree with someone engaging them inappropriately is juvenile at best which undermines your role as a teacher.Avoid starting, spreading, or discussing gossip and hearsay about parents, students, and/or co-workers. Gossip has no place in a school and will create long-term problems.Avoid being critical of your co-workers.  Build them up, encourage th em, offer constructive criticism, but never criticize how they do things. It will do more harm than good. How to Build Positive Relationships With Staff Members Here are eleven things to keep in mind when trying to build positive relationships with faculty and staff members at school. Encourage and show kindness and humility. Never let an opportunity to show kindness or encouragement to others to pass. Praise exemplary work, regardless of the person that did it. Sometimes you can turn even the most hardened of your fellow workers into real softies once they realize that you are not afraid to compliment them or give encouraging words, despite how they may perceive you ordinarily. At the same time, when giving criticism, do it helpfully and gently, never spitefully. Show concern for anothers feelings and well being. You will benefit immensely from even the smallest kindness shown.Be happy. Every day you go to work, you need to make a choice to be happy. Making a choice to be happy on a day to day basis will make people around you more comfortable on a day to day basis. Don’t dwell on negatives and maintain a positive attitude.Refuse to engage in gossip or hearsay. Dont allow gossip to rule your life. In the workplace, morale is vitally essential. Gossip will tear apart a staff faster than anything else. Do not engage in it and nip it in the bud when it is presented to you. Let the water roll off your back. Don’t let negative things said about you get under your skin. Know who you are and believe in yourself. Most people that talk negatively about other people do so out of ignorance. Let your actions determine how others see you, and they will not believe the negative things said.Collaborate with your peers – Collaboration is vitally essential among teachers. Don’t be afraid to offer constructive criticism and advice with a take it or leave it approach. Also of equal importance, don’t be afraid to ask questions or to ask for help in your classroom. Too many teachers think this is a weakness when it is truly a strength. Finally, master teachers share ideas with others. This profession is truly about what is best for the students. If you have a brilliant idea that you believe in, then share it with those around you.Watch what you say to people. How you say something counts for just as much as what you say. Tone does matter. Whe n confronted with a difficult situation, always say less than you think. Holding your tongue in a difficult situation will make it easier for you in the long run because it will create confidence among others in your ability to handle a similar situation. If you make a promise, you better be prepared to keep it. If you intend to make promises, you had better be prepared to keep them, no matter what the cost. You will lose the respect of your peers quicker than it took you to gain it by breaking promises. When you tell someone that you intend to do something, it is your responsibility to see to it that you follow through.Learn about others’ outside interests. Find a common interest that you have with others (e.g. grandchildren, sports, movies, etc.) and spark a conversation. Having a caring attitude will build trust and confidence in others. When others are joyful, rejoice with them; when troubled or in mourning, be sympathetic. Make sure each person around you knows that you value them and know that they are important.Be open-minded. Do not get into arguments. Discuss things with people rather than argue. Being combative or disagreeable is likely to put others off. If you don’t agree with something, think your response t hrough and don’t be argumentative or judgmental in what you say. Understand that some peoples’ feelings are hurt easier than others. Humor can bring people together, but it can also tear people apart. Before you tease or joke with a person, make sure you know how they are going to take it. Everyone is different in this aspect. Take into account another persons feelings before you poke fun.Don’t worry about accolades. Do your best. Its the best you can do. Let others see your work ethic, and you will be able to take pride and pleasure in a job well done.

Four Types of Experimental Designs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Four Types of Experimental Designs - Essay Example This report examines four fairly common research methodologies: survey research, case study research, ethnography, and mixed design. The pros and cons of each design are assessed, and examples are given. A survey or questionnaire is considered to be a relatively accessible, flexible research option. Generally, flexible designs offer benefits to research that is willing to change as new variables come up throughout the process, whereas fixed or quantitative designs such as will be mentioned later, offer benefits to research that is about stabilizing and controlling a certain state of variables or predictions. The quantitative or qualitative survey method is a popular choice among researchers. This methodology differs from explicit ethnography in that it is more rationalized and quantitative in nature, and primarily seeks to answer research questions through the proposition that scientific research cannot be proposed without substantive or grounded data to back it up. This makes the us e of statistical information very popular with other type theorists, but getting statistics on the future is difficult, and therefore this is another appropriate reason for the research subject to be covered in a quantitative survey manner, rather than grounded theory or ethnographic methods. When researchers use a survey, they often wind up finding out new research questions and directions, while measuring the opinions and attitudes of subjects. At the same time, they can present their data in a scientific way, through the use of ANOVA, SPSS software, and other methods.

Gastrointestinal Disorders I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gastrointestinal Disorders I - Essay Example H. pylori is transmitted through contaminated food and water, and spreads through contact witth the stool, vomit and saliva of infected persons. The second common cause of petic ulcers is the long-term use of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), such as aspirin and ibuprofen. Ulcers are also rarely caused by stomach tumors. The sever abdominal pain and vomiting exhibited by the man are typical symptoms of petic ulcers. (NDDCH web site). A serious health complication resulting from a peptic ulcer is a perforation, or hole, in the wall of the stomach or duodenum, which develops when the ulcer penetrates right through the wall. A perforated peptic ulcer leads to peritonitis, an inflammation of the thin tissue which lines the abdominal organs. Bacteria enter the peritonial cavity. The fact that the patient has a significant drop in blood pressure, along with the vomiting and abdominal pain, indicates peritonitis. (PubMed Health web site). Surgery to remove the infected bowel may be necessary in this case. This may be followed by a course of medication to eradicate the H. pylori bacteria, reduce the presence of stomach acids, and protect the lining of the stomach and duodenum. (NDDCH web

Managing Information Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Managing Information Technology - Essay Example Certainly, chargebacks are not for all time the outcome of somewhat IS service provider did or did not perform sometimes mistakes are made by issuer of card, buyers and credit card holders (Brown, DeHayes, Hoffer, Martin, & Perkins, 2009), (Visa., 2011) and (Conde, 2011). Moreover, a chargeback takes place after a consumer contacts their credit-card provider to challenge a charge that emerges on their credit card testimonial. Additionally, the chargebacks can take place due to several causes for instance an illegal agent has performed an acquisition the consumer’s credit card. In addition, there could be some concerns of chargeback wherein a buyer is not pleased with the strength of the IS services. There is another aspect in which consumer has been indicted numerous times intended for the similar order of purchase. In other scenarios a chargeback can take place when the purchaser is displeased by an acquirement and has not been capable to resolve the issue with the trader. Ot her cases may involve when the purchaser has not obtained the purchased products as they were promised by the IS service provider (Brown, DeHayes, Hoffer, Martin, & Perkins, 2009) and (Google, 2011).

The Color Purple Monologue Essay Example for Free

The Color Purple Monologue Essay Youre nothing but a piece oh shit on the bottom of my shoe, thats whats wrong. Im leaving with Shug and getting away from you. Youre a dirty rat and your dead body is just the welcome I need to leave you. You might have been a half way decent man if your father raised you right. You know that Nettie was all I had and the only one that loved me and you took her away from me. Youre nothing but trash for doing that to me. Youre cruel but it dont matter no more. My sister is taking care of my children in Africa. My children Olivia and Adam are learning different languages and are coming back home soon. And when they get here we are all gona whoop your ass for doing that to me. And we will do it with no regret for the things you done to me. Beating a woman doesnt do shit and Im gona laugh when everything you wish for crumbles down. My children are gona turn out way better then these blockheads you never made the time to raise. If your son Harpo hadnt tried to beat Sofia into submission then the white people would have never gotten to her. She wouldnt have gotten sent to jail either. You had rotten kids. They made my life hell, they did. But of course you aint nothing but some horse shit. You thought beating me would make me submit to your will? Well, boy you sure are wrong. No one ever is gona treat me that way no more. With you I felt that I wanted to go somewhere but I couldnt. I almost got my spirit beaten outa me and I just wanted to rot somewhere. And I never even asked you for a God damn thing!!! I never asked you for nothing at all!!! Not even your hand in marriage. I never asked you for nothing, but your sorry ass asked everything from me. Wash the dishes, clean the house, feed the kids, shave my beard. And I never got nothing in return!! But I never complained bout that cause I know you would just beat the shit outa me!! And until you do me right then everything you touch is gona crumble down on your sorry ass. You may think that I will come back but so help me God I would rather die then to live in this house with you. When you do your business on top of me I would always just pretend I wasnt there. I may not have talent and spunk like Shug but I got me some will now. I aint ever gona back down from anyone no more. I almost killed you when I was shaving you. If Shug wasnt there to save you I would have killed you. I should have done it for all the wrong you did to me. Until you treat me right everything you try to succeed at is just gona fail. Its gona be a rude awakening you realize that you cant live without me. You cant even cook breakfast without burning the damn thing. Everything you done to me I have already done to you. You just dont know it. And even if I havent done all that you have done to me its gona happen to you. Its gona come back and bite you in the ass for what you done to me. You will live in misery and you wont be able to live with yourself. You will probably drive yourself crazy and Ima have my head kept high. I dont need you. You think I need you but, its the other way around. You say Im nothing but an ugly black poor woman but listen here. I am black. I am poor. And I may be ugly but Im away from you and thats all I need.

Indian Persecutions :: essays research papers

The text we have studied relates to the integration problem between teh white and Indian population of United States : Indians are called Native-Americans because they have lived there for centuries. White Europeans arrived in the 17th century on their land during the conquest of the new territories. The confrontation of two cultures led to many problems we will discuss later but, basically, we had the Indian culture related to nature, natural living in direct confrontation with the white industrial and urban culture. By 1950, unemployment was high among native-Americans and the Bureau of Indian Affairs believed the solution was to relocate these populations in urban areas. Indians could see brochures pushing them to leave the country for better conditions in the cities. Many left but half of them came back to their reservation ! Hydroelectric power needs (les besoins en ...) led ( ont conduit) to many conflicts, especially for the building of dams (barrages) as it would flood reserv ations. Using legal protest and open protest, the Indians succeeded in some cases but other projects flooded most of Dakota ‘ s arable land for example. Another sensitive issue is about Fishing rights. Indians have always fished for a living (pour vivre) and thus they have been granted special tribal fishing rights. These rights are now challenged by environmental groups. A movie to illustrate the story of Indians :  « Little Big Man  », starring Dustin Hoffman is a 1971 Hollywood movie which broke all stereotypes people had about Indians : westerns : cow boys, indians.... Indians have often been treated unequally and many protests were held during the 1960s and 1970s.

Buddhism without Beliefs

It is a well-known fact that Buddhism religion is distinguished from all Asian religions due to its three innovative and original sifts: equal position of women; emergence of Buddhism as social transformation; replacement of monastery and building lay community â€Å"as the principal arena of Buddhist practice†. The book â€Å"Buddhism without Beliefs† by Stephen Batchelor describes the significance of three elements and their application to future development of the world. (Batchelor 1997)It is possible to suggest that the book is an intelligent effort to provide better understanding to the Buddhism religion and to make clear the attribute of â€Å"dharma practice†. Apparently, the book contains author’s personal reflections and suggestions how to apply Buddhism studies to contemporary era o skepticism. It is necessary to outline that the book contains three main parts called â€Å"Ground†, â€Å"Path†, â€Å"Fruition† and the last se ction devoted to culture and imagination. The author is rather persuasive, because he uses logical arguments, conclusions, facts and viewpoints to defend his position.Batchelor has managed to affect readers and to make them think about the issue. Therefore the book leads through abundant data presented to persuade readers that Buddhism is worth attention. Therefore, the apparent strength of the book is abundant data and evidence used to support the main idea. (Batchelor 1997) The first part of the book â€Å"Ground† involves theoretical framework of Buddhism religion and explains its core issues. The author begins with explaining differences between two entities – â€Å"dharma practice† and â€Å"religious Buddhism† – intertwined into the history of Buddhism theory.According to Batchelor those entities are closely related and thus are inseparable. Furthermore, they have to be preserved for discovering their contemporary significance. The first and the most significant entity for Batchelor is â€Å"dharma practice†, because it teaches and trains how to awaken and to feel freedom from â€Å"anguish†. The second entity â€Å"religious Buddhism† is a system of belief aims at ensuring social stability as well as providing religious consolation. (p. 16)Nevertheless, the author admits that world view and religious expression has little to do with core Buddha’s teachings, because they â€Å"pertain solely to the Asian cultural soil within which Buddhism took root†. Batchelor agrees that those entities have had significant purpose in ancient time, though they are hardly applicable to contemporary society. The author argues that if the dharma practice offers alternative approach to interpretation of core values and virtues, it has to be deprived of â€Å"its religious apparel and recast in a purely secular mode†.It would result in agnostic style of dharma practicing. (Batchelor 1997) Moreover, Batchelor believes that dharma practice would aim at social and personal freedom and liberation meaning that people have to escape from â€Å"suffering created by egocentric clinging†. According to Batchelor the positive moment of Buddhism is that the religion provides answers to great questions concerning place of humans in the â€Å"grand scheme of things†. The author seems to provide agnostic vision of the thinks stating that â€Å"the dharma is not something to believe in but something to do†.(p. 17) However, Buddha didn’t have answers to metaphysical questions of his day. The only known fact is that Buddha was teaching followers about sufferings and cessation. Thus the author makes a conclusion that Buddha’s teachings are therapeutic, existential and may be referred to liberating agnosticism. For example, Batchelor makes an attempt to escape from metaphysical questions of his day by arguing that Buddha â€Å"was merely adopting the symbols, m etaphors, and imagery of his world†. (p. 17)Nevertheless, Later Batchelor suggests that Buddha â€Å"accepted the ideas of rebirth and kamma†, though he considers them â€Å"odd that a practice concerned with anguish and the ending of anguish should be obliged to adopt ancient Indian metaphysical theories and thus accept as an article of faith that consciousness cannot be explained in terms of brain function†. (p. 37) However, Batchelor seems not to approve Buddha’s metaphysical theories, although he doesn’t completely reject the idea of reincarnation or rebirth.Instead the author thinks that honest approach has to be taken in understanding life after death, because existing knowledge isn’t enough to state anything. Buddha accepts the ideas of reincarnation and kamms indicating a â€Å"failure to summon forth the courage to risk a non-dogmatic and non-evasive stance on such crucial existential matters†. (p. 38) It is apparent that the author tends to use a variety of logical arguments to approve his interpretation of Dhamma. Batchelor’s arguments succeed in gaining cogency due to oversimplification, selective relevant citations and rationalization.For example the author discuses â€Å"four ennobling truths† and finds put that these truths aren’t â€Å"propositions to believe [but] challenges to act†. (p. 7) Nevertheless, such statement is hardly truthful, because the author fails to admit that â€Å"tasks imposed by the truths acquire their meaning from a specific context, namely, the quest for liberation from the vicious round of rebirths†. The dichotomy between â€Å"religious Buddhism† and â€Å"dharma practice† is hardly endorsable. The author calls to â€Å"recognize a spectrum of Buddhist practices, ranging from simple devotional and ethical observances to more advanced contemplative and philosophical ones†.Those observances are involved into faith and understanding, though they disappear when dharma practice is regarded on the basis of different suggestions. The author considers premises underling the traditional Buddhist practice as reincarnation and kamm, though he thinks they are only consolatory elements crept into the religion. (p. 18-19) The second part of the book is titled â€Å"Path† and aims at providing relevant sketches to agnostic conceptions based on the dharma practice. Furthermore, author provides clear and lively explanations of the issues displaying his creativity and literary gift.The part is divided into subsections devoted to awareness, overview of emptiness and development of sympathy and compassion. Apparent strength of the part is simple examples introduced in every subsection. Most original examples involve practicing awareness and mindfulness, showing essence of emptiness, challenging the findings and reflecting on common sufferings of friends, enemies and acquaintances. The second part includes also twelve links of dependent origination interpreted rather originally and illustrated by mistaken perception.(Batchelor 1997) Nevertheless, the conception of the path is absent in Batchelor’s interpretation, though it is considered the traditional foundation of Buddhist religion: â€Å"the Going for Refuge to the Three Jewels†. The author thinks that mentioning the path doesn’t have any sense in the frame pf agnostic conception, though omission of path seems rather significant. Furthermore, the author doesn’t mention either code of moral rules or the Five Precepts. However, Batchelor slightly talks about ethical framework and proposes integrity.Despite the fact he speaks about impressive insights of integrity, the issues is still questionable as it has neither sufficient basis for ethic nor exact guidelines. (p. 48-50) The third part of the book â€Å"Fruition† is an exploration of consequences of dharma practice and explanation why dharma pract ice is called â€Å"passionate agnosticism†, Batchelor starts with accounting meditative path. The author explains the process of meditation stating that it consists of â€Å"radical, relentless questioning of every aspect of experience†.Nevertheless, such beginning makes readers profoundly perplexed, though for author â€Å"this perplexed questioning is the central path itself†. (p. 98) It means that the path aims at finding no goals and answers. Such conception of dharma practice seems bizarre and strange. Further, the author returns to meditation stating that its goal to justify belief system and to approve using the raft of the dharma practice. According to author, Buddha stresses the insight meditation, because it is able to lead to thorough knowledge of true nature. Thus Batchelor shows once more â€Å"the bearing of one's starting point on one's destination†.It is apparent that the author firstly starts from agnostic concept and then turns to exces sive mystery and doubt. However, Batchelor believes that if a person trust dharma practice, he/she has to follow the right View and consequently to find Right Knowledge and Right Liberation. (p. 108) The last section is devoted to the concepts of culture and imagination. The author deals with correlations between contemporary world and Buddhist teachings and religion. In other words, Batchelor tries to find implications of Buddhism in modern world.The author asserts that throughout the Buddhism history, â€Å"Dhamma has rejuvenated itself by continually altering its forms to respond to changing social and cultural conditions†. However, such statement may be considered the act of author’s imagination, his gift of talented thinker and his creative vision of things. (p. 107) Batchelor has given new and fresh approach to Buddhist teachings. Some critics find Batchelor’s vision of Buddhism too simplistic, though it is difficult to agree with them. Batchelor seems to present his original point of view, his understanding and his perception of Buddhism.He succeeded in making viewers interested exactly by simple explanation of core Buddhist issues. Nevertheless, the author has failed to explain sufficiently the role played by orthodoxy in stimulating dharma practice. What is more important to mention is that Batchelor believes that Buddhism applied to contemporary world may rise the need to create meaning that dharma practice is able to stimulate creativity in followers. According to author, dharma practice is a â€Å"new culture of awakening that addresses the specific anguish of the contemporary world†.(p. 109) It is necessary to conclude that Batchelor has created a new vision of Buddhism culture of awakening by stressing the integrity of Buddhist tradition and their responsibility to the present and the future. Despite the critique the book is rally worth reading, because it provides better understanding, advantages and disadvantages of not only of Buddhism religion, but also of agnostic concept. References Batchelor, Stephen. (1997). Buddhism Without Beliefs: A Contemporary Guide to Awakening. New York: Revierhead Books.

Money: Bank and Funds

â€Å"Money† is a fascinating object. The process of creating money and using money has always generated enthusiasm amongst mankind for over thousands of years. The main reasons for such enthusiasm are built around the dynamics of the above process. Even more fascinating is the fact, that this process is perhaps the only subject that is foxing both the pundits and the commoners alike. Such being the importance of money, any narration regarding the process shall always provide enough excitement. Keeping this in view, the role and importance of financial intermediaries is being featured for the benefit of readers. A glimpse of this coverage is provided in the following pages to lead them to a wider canvas. Financial Intermediaries Financial intermediaries play a vital role in building economies. World over, in different economies it is typical to find that the sources of funds and the uses of funds are not one and the same. This process is also so complexly structured that while individual contributions comprise the major source of funds to the market, the utilization of funds is done by different sectors in the economy. Capital formation comprising of Savings and Investment holds the key to this process. In this causal sequence, Savings play the role of the initiator. The ability of an economy to generate savings depends on the combined abilities of the general public and the government. It is here that the financial system comes into play by converting the savings into productive results. Significance of Financial Intermediation The savings process is facilitated by the financial Intermediaries. In simple terms, financial intermediaries perform the function of facilitating supply of funds to the user of funds, by obtaining the same from the depositors or savers of funds. The term ‘financial intermediaries’ includes different institutions like Banks, Insurance companies, Investment companies, Developmental Financial Institutions, Non-banking Finance Companies, Mutual funds, Pension funds etc. While the role of above institutions is singular with respect to financial intermediation, the functions that are performed by each one of them are different. In a nutshell, these types of intermediation revolve around liquidity position of funds, risks in loans, and pooling of risks to take advantage of economies of scale. To sum up, the function of financial intermediation has arisen out of the need on the part of savers to reach the investors and the inability of investors to find savers. Developed economic systems may not require the need of full-fledged financial intermediaries, unlike the developing systems. This is due to the fact that the gap between the saver and the investor is absolutely minimal. This is referred to as â€Å"financial disintermediation†. The process of financial disintermediation is best achieved by reducing the cost of funds thereby facilitating direct capital formation, which spurs economic growth. The greatest advantage in this process is the fact that it reduces the time gap between saving of money and utilization. The process of financial intermediation is always fraught with risks. Risks both for the givers of funds and the takers of funds, besides the risks for financial intermediaries themselves. The risk factor arises in the first place out of the need for the availability of information and in the second place the need for players to be aware of the available information. Consequently, the need for regulations and the role for a regulator are felt. Financial Intermediation in Indian context In India, without exception, a single type of intermediary does not perform the task of financial intermediation. Different types of financial intermediaries exist and their functions are discussed below. Banks: Banks comprise the oldest form of financial intermediaries in India. The Indian financial scene is dotted with a number of banking institutions. All these banks are segregated into various categories. This segregation has been done on the basis of their incorporation and the businesses performed by them. Consequently, we have various kinds of banking institutions. These are: i. Commercial banks, ii. Regional Rural Banks, iii. Local Area Banks, iv. Co-operative banks. The above classification suggests that banks have been divided under various types depending on the need to achieve the different economic objectives. While making the above classification, geographical factors, need for sectoral deployment of funds involving allocation of funds for Agriculture, Industry, and Service sector etc. have been taken into consideration. However, gradually, the needs of industrial sector have become so huge and complex that separate institutions have been set up for farming the industrial sector. Development Financial Institutions (DFIs): Deployment of funds in the Industrial sector is a major challenge. Industry’s requirements vary depending upon their short-term and long-term needs. The activities of short-term lending and long-term lending are separate and specialized functions. After understanding this finer aspect, the Government of India took initiative to set up specialized institutions for this purpose. For this reason, we find that most of the DFIs – such as the Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI), are statutorily formed. These institutions provide finances for most of the greenfield projects in the Indian economy and have made a significant contribution by way of financing long –term projects. It is significant to note here that DFIs have been influenced by the changes in the Indian banking scenario to such an extent that these institutions are conlemplating to become universal banks. Insurance Companies: The path of reformation in the Banking industry has also caught up with the other intermediaries as well. In this respect, Insurance industry is witnessing path-breaking changes. In fact, in many countries Insurance companies perform a leading role as financial intermediaries. In India, Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) continues to play a very vital role in mobilizing savings and delivering Insurance, though the industry is experiencing the competition from players both Indian and Foreign. With the entry of banks into the arena of insurance business it is interesting to find the beneficial impact of convergence of banking and insurance business. Non-Banking Finance Companies (NBFC): The process of Intermediation virtually begins at home, with the household sector. This sector is the basic source of funds for the intermediaries. Such being the important role of the households, NBFCs as independent institutions, have come into existence to meet their financial requirements. The services offered by the NBFCs cater to the whole gamut of needs of the household sector in particular and savers in general. * Emerging Disintermediation in India** With a rapid growth in the intermediation process, the need for financial disintermediation at some stage cannot be overlooked. Realizing fully well that developed systems find lesser need for financial intermediation, in the Indian context the policy reforms aimed at encouraging free market institutions have been moving the financial markets towards disintermediation. The onset of the process of economic liberalization in 1991 has brought about a sea change in the financial markets. The abolition of the office of Controller of Capital Issues (CCI) and the establishment of Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) in 1992 was done essentially with a view to giving an impetus to the capital markets. The market happenings in 1992-94, did strike a hard blow to this mechanism. During the past three years the process of consolidation has begun. Though a reduction in the number of IPOs does suggest to a slackening of the Capital markets, there is also a brighter side of investors becoming more suave. Sources of Funds A discussion on financial intermediaries has to begin with the ‘raw material’ for this activity, i. e. funds. Financial intermediaries are required to raise funds in order to fulfill the needs of both fund-based and non fund-based activities. Considering the various sources and choices available, the financial intermediary considers the following variables in deciding about the ways and means of raising funds. These are: Maturity, Cost of funds, Tax implications, Regulatory framework and Market conditions. Maturity is vital since the intermediary has to plan for the repayment of debt. Since investors look for returns as against the intermediary looking for good spread and income, Cost of funds turns out to be crucial. Tax treatment on returns on some of the instruments could be different – with certain exemptions Thus, Tax implications are useful for tax planning for both the intermediary and the saver. The instruments have to fulfill a plethora of rules and regulations which require the knowledge of Regulatory framework. For designing a particular type of instrument knowledge of Market conditions is essential. Different Sources of Funds In addition to providing low-cost funds, the shareholder route is a popular and easy way for the common public to become ‘owners’ of companies. As the name suggests, the money belongs to the shareholders. Financial institutions have been innovating different methods for raising money from the prospective shareholders. ‘Reserves’ is another source of funds. Incidentally, it is to be known that some of the Reserves are created statutorily. Borrowing by a company is another source of funds for the company, which are repayable with interest. Unlike equity, the funds raised by way of loans are to be repaid. ** **Sources of Funds unique to a Bank The previous classification of sources of funds does not fully explain the avenues for Banks. By virtue of being one of the earliest financial intermediaries, and possibly the most prudent as well, banks have a privileged access to a few more instruments. Considering the fact that different types of financial intermediaries have accessibility to varied types of funds at different rates of interest, it has become necessary for the RBI to lay down norms in this regard. Financial Intermediaries look towards liquidity in the market for enhancing their scope of operations. However, liquidity is a double-edged knife. Excess liquidity or lack of liquidity affects the financial system resulting in either a reduction or an increase in the rate of interest. The cyclical effect is felt by the economy. For controlling liquidity levels in the economy, RBI exercises control through the mechanisms of CRR and SLR. CRR is the reserve to be maintained by banks with the RBI. SLR is the reserve that is maintained by banks for investment in cash, gold or unencumbered approved securities. Deposits The customers’ confidence level reflects the strength of a bank. There is no better way of reflecting the same by any other indicator than Deposits. In the wake of globalization, the avenues for banks for raising funds in the capital market have increased, both in the national and international markets. In terms of value to the Banking system, banks that have a greater deposit base have more value than the banks with a poor deposit base. Banks accept deposits in different ways. Such acceptance could be different in terms of the period, amount, rate of interest and the type of depositor. All the deposit accounts could be classified under Transaction accounts and Non-transaction accounts. The types of accounts that a customer – individually, jointly or corporate can have, are varied. Having said that Deposits are an important source of funds for the banks, a banker is wary about the types of deposits. A term deposit is a dependable source, but the cost is higher than Demand deposits that are low cost funds for the banks. Consequently, the composition of deposits has a direct impact on the profitability of the bank. Application of Funds The real challenge for the financial intermediaries begins at the very end of the first stage i. e. after mobilization of deposits. The meter virtually starts ticking from that time onwards since the deposits are to be repaid by the bank to the customer after a certain period with interest. In order to honor this commitment, financial intermediaries use their funds in different ways. Broadly, the purposes under which they are used can be classified under: i. loans and advances, ii. investments, iii. fixed assets. Loans â€Å"Loan† is a distinct activity wherein funds are taken from the saver and given to the investor. By nationalizing major banks in 1969 and 1980 Government of India sought to direct the utilization of bank funds for socially disired, objectives reflected in priority sector lending. Priority sector lending includes Agriculture and Small Scale Industry as focus areas that would promote equitable development of regions and promote employment avenues. Loans can be classified as secured loans and unsecured loans based on the availability of security or otherwise. Investments The best way to earn attractive return on money is by following an Investment strategy. Since banks have to service their borrowings and deposits at a reasonably good rate and put the funds into more profitable use, Investments in securities offer an option, though in many instances, this is a statutory requirement. There are three main reasons for the Banks to invest in government securities. These are: (i) in case need arises; government securities meet the liquidity requirements of a bank; (ii) it forms a second line of security, for emergency borrowing from RBI, and (iii) for meeting statutory SLR requirements, aimed at protecting the interests of depositor. Banks are also selectively restricted from investing in equity shares. Investments are made in equity shares either through primary issue or by secondary market. Investment initiatives in equity by banks are expected to boost a sagging capital market. Apart from the primary functions of deposit collection and lending, banks also perform treasury operations. The necessity arises out of liquidity compulsions in operations. Banks invest in bonds and debentures as a part of their regular treasury operations and also on behalf of customers. Fixed assets however, constitute a very small amount of investment by banks. The Management of Financial institutions revolves around two basic functions: i. the ability of the intermediary to raise funds, and ii. to deploy them. These two activities determine the sustenance as well as profitability of the intermediaries. Lending Function Apart from the fact that Lending constitutes the major source of income for the bank, the process of lending also depends on the bankers’ appraisal skills. The banks’ funds can be applied in two major areas i. e. investments in securities and credit accommodation. In the process, banks essentially look to balance the ‘spreads’. Apart from the necessity of complying with the regulatory prescriptions, requirement of profitability virtually forces banks to develop an organized credit deployment mechanism. The credit policy of banks is determined by the demand and supply of loanable funds of banks. Firstly, on the demand side of the economy there are the consumers of goods and services. Secondly, the need for credit comes from the corporate sector in the manufacturing, trading and services sectors. Credit management is a specialized area. This is due to the fact that there are different types of credit, and each type of credit is characterized by certain unique factors. Loan is a broad term used to explain the different types of credit facilities – short/medium term extended in the credit market. The selection of the type of loan by a borrower depends on three factors namely, need for credit, cost factor, and cash flow requirements. Since a loan has a demand side and supply side as well, loans can be classified accordingly. Demand side loans will be individual loans while Supply side loans can be classified as commercial loans. As in the case of a borrower, for the bank, providing the loans depends on three factors, namely the nature of credit, the type of security and the purpose of loan. Based on these parameters, further classification of the banks’ advances is done. Loans are also further classified under secured and unsecured loans. Banks have been providing advances to different sectors of the economy and at the same time providing loans to the needy sectors. The sectoral classification of bank loans is made as under: i. priority sector, ii. public sector, iii. banking sector, and iv. others. Loan Appraisal and Disbursal Preliminary appraisal involves an analysis of the market, technology, financial, and managerial skills of borrowing. Once the bank decides to finance, other critical issues are the decisions relating to the mode of financing. Finance is given for land, site development, building, plant and machinery and also for working capital. Banks arrive at the amount of Maximum Permissible Bank Finance (MPBF) through various appraisal methods. **Non-fund Based Services* Non-fund based Services Non-fund based advances in the form of: Letters of Credit and Guarantees offer a very attractive proposition to the banker. Since funds disbursement arises only on default or the happening or non-happening of an event, bank holds only contingent liability. Payments and clearing operations Clearing and remittences constitute important services under ancillary services. The major role of a bank involves mobilizing savings and channelizing them into investments. Complementing these activities are ancillary services of the banks which facilitate the entire payment and settlement system of financial transactions