Reading response on Communication Essay

For any viable correspondence, there must be understanding between the gatherings in question. This will accordingly rely upon the medium utilized and thought of the obstructions to successful correspondence. Understudies rely upon correspondence to learn and when it is powerful and comprehensive, they get chances to develop and learn. In instruction, guardians who are attractive include themselves in discovering open doors for their kids. This is by including the network everywhere and the organization to get open doors for their children(Henderson, 297). Different guardians are not worried, which prompts disparity between the various youngsters. Different families plan an instructor visit to the family, which expands solidarity and correspondence. At the point when an instructor, parent and an understudy have a cozy relationship, they encourage abundant correspondence that prompts development and openings. Accordind to (Mediratta, 32), for one to make openings that prompts development among youngsters, there ought to be a connection between the outside of the school and the way of life in the school. This is on the grounds that the instructors don't comprehend the base the kids are originating from particularly in life experience schools. The force issue of the educators goes down when the guardians and their kids blends unreservedly with the kids which builds correspondence roads. Poor families do not have even the essential needs which make their understudies need fixation because of the pressure of their homes. This prompts disparity in the chances to kids from more extravagant families. Making a connection between the families and the general network prompts extension of the correspondence organize which prompts openings and development. This tends to auxiliary disparity and empowers understudy from poor families learn and have great wellbeing. As indicated by WARREN, (15), interpretation of significant data to dialects that students comprehends prompts compelling correspondence. The individuals who comprehends the unknown dialect have added preferred position to the individuals who can not. A hindrance to interpretation is cash to pay the interpreters and a few guardians come up short on the chance to circumstance talk. In circumstance talks, the issue of opportunity when talking is an issue because of doubt among individuals in the society(Zehr, 8). Connections that can be believed spread chances and this is valid with guardians who make fellowship with their children’s instructors as they make trust between them. This is not quite the same as the guardians who can not make this relationshipthat lead to inconvenience on their students’ openings. Sorting out and getting ready for occasions for the school with more established individuals with kids improves their aptitudes and certainty. This lifts their chanc es and improves their correspondence ability not at all like the individuals who don't include themselves in such projects. References Henderson, T Anne, Johnson Vivian, Mapp Karen, and Davies Don. Determination from Beyond the Bake Sale: The Essential Guide to Family/School Partnerships. New York: The New Press, (2007): 296-301 Mediratta, Kavitha, Shah Seema, and McAlister Sara.Building Partnerships to Reinvent School Culture: Austin Interfaith. Fortune, RI: Annenberg Institute for School Reform. Imprint Warren, â€Å"Communities and Schools.†(2009):1-49. Print. WARREN, MARK. ‘Communities And Schools: A New View Of Urban Education Reform’. Harvard Educational Review 2.75 (2005): 1-40. Print. Zehr, M. A. Social liberties Deal Signals Federal Push for Translation Services. Training Week, (2011): 30(3), 8-9. Source report

Osmosis and Movement of solute essays

Assimilation and Movement of solute expositions So as to completely comprehend the development of particles over a layer, one must be proficient of essential ideas concerning dissemination and assimilation. Dispersion can be characterized as solutes moving a zone having a high fixation to a zone having a lower focus. Dispersion is the result of the steady, arbitrary movement is the result of the consistent, irregular movement of solutes. The Random Thermal Motion (RTM) hypothesis expresses that particles are continually taking on and radiating vitality. Since osmotically dynamic particles move arbitrarily they move from higher to bring down focus. As focus expands, the pace of this development increments. Similarly as focus diminishes, the rate diminishes. Temperature is additionally a factor that impacts the development of particles. As temperature builds the rate increments and as temperature diminishes the rate likewise diminishes. When at harmony, the net development of solutes no longer experiences this development yet the ar bitrary movement proceeds. A fixation slope additionally assumes a job in controlling dispersion. A fixation slope can be portrayed as the distinction in focuses between a dissolvable and a solute. Dissemination, alongside assimilation, descend, a focus slope from higher to lower. Assimilation is the dissemination of water over a film. This layer is generally impermeable to a solute that frames an answer with the dissolvable, water. This kind of development likewise descends a focus slope, from a higher water fixation which has less solute particles, to a lower water fixation with more solute atoms. Water moves into a cell, for instance, without really trying when it is set into a hypotonic arrangement on the grounds that the arrangement for the most part has a higher convergence of water and less non-infiltrating particles. This outcomes in expanding as particles of water move into the cell. In this analysis, I suggest that it will show that a pack with ... <!

5 Ways to Help Your Child Apply to College

5 Ways to Help Your Child Apply to College Senior year is a stressful time for the vast majority of high school students. As your child prepares to dive full force into college application mode, you may wonder how to best support them throughout the process without overstepping your role. Today, we’re giving you five ways to do just that. 1. Where to Apply If you haven’t had a family discussion about where your child is planning to apply already, now’s the time. Take a look at their list, ensuring that each of the colleges on it makes sense for them. For example, does your child match up well academically? Does the school include their intended major? Is the location feasible given your family’s situation? Also make certain your child is planning to apply to an appropriate number of schools. We don’t have a specific recommendation; the length of the list depends entirely on the student. However, it should never be so long that your child is overwhelmed by applications, and it should never be made up of just one school, either. If you and your child are looking for ways to narrow your options, we can help. 2. Dates Deadlines Application deadlines are going to vary for every school to which your child applies. Help your child organize all the important ones in a single place, preferably somewhere you both have access to. As each deadline nears, check in to make sure your child is aware of it (and that they’re not waiting until 11:00 p.m. the day of to start filling the application out). You can also help clarify the language surrounding various application deadlines. For example, some colleges offer early decision or early action deadlines before their regular deadlines. If your child applies within an “early” timeframe, they’ll learn whether they’ve been admitted before regular applicants. However, applying early decision is binding (meaning your child must attend that college if they’re admitted), while applying early action is not. These are important distinctions your child might not be aware of, making your insight valuable. 3. College Applications When it comes time to actually apply, it’s up to your child to do the work. Again, though, different colleges require different materials in addition to the application itself, so it may help to sit down together to sort out who needs what. Common requirements include test scores, transcripts, and letters of recommendation. You can also offer to proofread your child’s essays. Make sure not to over-edit, though, and definitely don’t answer the prompts for them. Admissions counselors aren’t lying when they say they can tell when words are not a student’s own. 4. Financial Aid Your child can (and definitely should) apply for financial aid by submitting the Free Application for Federal Student Aid, or FAFSA. The FAFSA can be very confusing to students, and many of the questions included will pertain to your family’s financial information. Assisting your child as they fill out this form is one of the best ways you can help them during the college application process. To learn more, read our Guide to Paying for College. 5. Waiting for Decisions As your child is waiting to hear back from the colleges to which they applied, they’re likely feeling the pressure. Maybe they’re afraid they won’t measure up to their peers. Maybe their hopes are all pinned on one school. Maybe they don’t want to disappoint you. Remind them again how proud you are of them, regardless of what happens. Help them put things into perspective, and encourage them to enjoy their senior year to the fullest. Then, take your own advice. A year from now your child will be off at college, so this is your chance to spend quality time with your family. Enjoy it! college college prep resources parents planning Illinois Admissions We're here for you as you prepare for college. Whether you're looking for guidance on the college search process or have questions about Illinois, we hope our blogs will help!

Turbocharger Petrol Engine - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4820 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Transport Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The quest for higher efficiency of the internal combustion engine will always be pursued. Increasingly stringent emission regulations are forcing the manufacturers to downsize on engine displacement and increase the specific power. By adding the turbocharger, the air flows through the engine and hence specific power can be increased. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Turbocharger Petrol Engine" essay for you Create order The advantage of a small turbocharged engine over a naturally aspirated (NA) engine of a similar power is that it is lighter, having better part load efficiency when operating at the same load, while producing less emission. The objective in this study is to investigate a turbocharger in a naturally aspirated engine and testing the engine before the installation of the turbocharger. Boost refers to the increase in the manifold pressure that is generated by the turbocharger in the intake path or specifically that exceeds the normal atmospheric pressure. This study also aims to develop a strategy for the control of boost for the engine. 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background Turbocharged spark ignition engines have been around since the 1970s, but their popularity outside the motorsport sector has been small until the recent advances in engine control. The lack of popularity could partly be due to the drivability issues associated with early turbocharged engines. The engines response to a sudden increase in drivers demand was delayed due to a turbocharger lag. The lag was then usually followed by a rapid increase of power which resulted in loss of traction and possible loss of control over the car. The developments made in the electronic control and management of internal combustion engine made it possible to overcome most of these drivability limitations. Passenger vehicles with turbocharged SI engines are now becoming more common. A number of companies such as Audi and Volvo now offer different passenger vehicle models with turbocharged SI engine whereas Mercedes offers supercharged and turbocharged engines. The operating principle of the turbocharger is to use the energy recovered from the exhaust gases to force more air into the combustion chamber. This increases the amount of oxygen in the combustion chamber and hence more fuel can be burned and more power can be produced. Therefore a turbocharged engine can produce more power than a similar sized naturally aspirated engine. It is claimed that the displacement of the turbocharged engine can be reduced by up to 40% relative to NA engine, without compromising power output. Thus the turbocharged engine could be smaller, lighter and more fuel efficient as well as produce less emissions. 1.2 Aim To design and specify turbocharger in a Vauxhall 2.2 litre engine 1.3 Objectives: Critical literature review of the project. To investigate turbo system, develop a system for the Vauxhall 2.2, produce drawings and design. Testing the engine before installation of turbocharger To investigate and develop strategy for control of boost for the engine over a wide range of condition. 2.0 Initial Critical Review of Literature This project is related to the turbocharging of a four stroke petrol engine. In this discussion a turbocharged four stroke diesel engine will also be discussed briefly and the differences will be highlighted. However, it omits to discuss two stroke engines due to their different gas exchange processes. Supercharging The term supercharging refers to increasing the air density by increasing its pressure prior to entering the cylinder. This allows a proportional increase in the fuel that can be burned and hence raises the potential power output. Three basics categories are used to accomplish this. The first is mechanical supercharging where a separate pump or compressor, usually driven by power taken from the engine, provides the compressed air. The second method is turbocharging, where a turbocharger, a compressor and turbine on a single shaft is used to boost the inlet air density. The third method is pressure wave supercharging which uses wave action in the intake and exhaust systems to compress the intake mixture. The main advantage of turbocharging as opposed to supercharging is that turbocharging uses the energy in the exhaust gas that would have been lost. Supercharging uses power from the engines crank shaft and thus less power is available for propulsion Turbocharging The author acknowledges that the theory represented in this section is extracted from Watson and Janota (1982). The exhaust driven turbocharger was invented by a Swiss engineer named Alfred Buchi, his patent applied to a diesel engine in 1905. It took a very long time to establishe a turbocharger, but it is now proved that their characteristics are suited to the diesel engine, the reason being that only air is compressed, and no throttling is used. A turbocharger consists basically of a compressor and turbine coupled on a common shaft. The exhaust gases from the engine are directed by the turbine inlet casing on the blades of the turbine and subsequently discharged to atmosphere through a turbine outlet casing. The exhaust gases are utilized in the turbine to drive the compressor, which compresses the air and directs it to the engine induction manifold, to supply the engine cylinder with air of higher density than is available to a naturally aspirated engine. Figure1: Automotive Turbocharger Since diesel engines having no knock limitations, the maximum allowable boost on CI engines depends only on the mechanical strength of the engine. On an SI engine, the boost pressure is limited by knock. Thus if boost pressure is high on SI engines, the compression pressure must be low, high octane number fuel must be used or ignition timing must be retarded. Turbocharger Theory The operating characteristics of turbo machines such as turbines and compressors are totally different from the reciprocating internal combustion engine. The most common turbocharging assembly used in the automotive industry is made up of radial compressor coupled to radial turbine. Between the two is a wide supporting plain journal bearing, because an ordinary roller bearing would not survive the high rotational speed of up to 25000 rev/min of which a small turbine is capable. For racing application, ceramic ball bearings are being used more frequently. Axial turbine coupled with a radial compressor is a common configuration. Axial turbines are preferred for their superior efficiency to those of a radial turbine, but according to manufacturers radial flow turbines are simpler and cheaper to manufacture and also the operating range of radial flow compressors are limited to certain pressure ratios, because a high pressure ratio will cause the supersonic flow and cause shockw aves at the inlet, this will impair the efficiency of compressor. Turbocharging Diesel (CI) or Petrol (SI) engines Today turbocharged diesel engines are common but turbocharged petrol engines are rare. There are sound reasons, both technical and economic for this situation. The principal reasons stem from the difference between the combustion systems of petrol and diesel engines. The petrol engine uses a carburettor or fuel injection system to mix air and fuel in the inlet manifold so that a homogeneous mixture is compressed in the cylinder. A spark is used to control the initiation of combustion which then spreads throughout the mixture. This is because the mixture temperature during the compression must be kept below the self-ignition temperature of the fuel. Once the combustion has started it takes time for the flame front to move across the combustion chamber burning the fuel. During this time unburnt end gas is heated by further compression and the radiation from the flame front. If it reaches the self-ignition temperature before the flame front arrives, a large quantity of mixtu re may burn extremely rapidly producing severe pressure waves in the combustion chamber. This situation is commonly referred to as knock and may result in severe cylinder head and piston damage. This is due to the fact that the compression ratio of the engine must be low enough to prevent knock occurring. In the CI engine cylinder, air alone is compressed. Fuel is sprayed directly into the combustion chamber from an injector only when combustion is required. This fuel self-ignites as in a diesel engine the compression ratio must be high enough for the air temperature on compression to exceed the self-ignition temperature of the fuel. As injection takes time, only some of the fuel is in the combustion chamber when ignition starts, and since much of this fuel is not as damaging as the knocking situation in a petrol engine. The maximum CR of the petrol engine, but not the diesel engine, is therefore limited by the ignition properties of the fuel. The minimum CR is limited by resulting low efficiency. Turbocharging results not only give a higher boost pressure, but a higher temperature. Unless the compression ratio of a petrol engine is reduced the temperature at the end of compression stroke will be too high and the engine will knock. The engine may remain knock free under mild boost but only because there should be a sufficient safe knock free margin, or a fuel of higher self-ignition temperature/octane number has been used. Thus the potential power output of a turbocharged petrol engine is limited. The diesel engine has no such a limitation and can therefore use a much higher boost pressure. Petrol engines cost substantially less to produce than diesel engines of equivalent power output. The cost of the turbocharger on a diesel engine is more than offset by reduced engine size required for a specified power output (with the exception of very small engines). This situation will rarely occur in the case of petrol engine. Energy Available In the Exhaust Gas: Figure 2 shows the ideal limited pressure engine cycle in terms of pressure/volume diagram for the naturally aspirated engine. Superimposed is a line representing isentropic expansion from point 5, at which the exhaust valve opens, down to the ambient pressure (Pa) which could be obtained by further expansion if the piston were allowed to move to point 6. The maximum theoretical energy that could be extracted from the exhaust system is represented by the shaded area 1-5-6. This energy is called as blow-down energy. Figure2: Naturally Aspirated Ideal Pressure Limited Cycle (Watson and Janota,1982) Considering the supercharged engine, the ideal four stroke pressure/volume diagram would appear as shown in figure, where P1 is the supercharging pressure and P7 is the engine back pressure in the exhaust manifold. Process 12-1 is the induction stroke, during which fresh charge at the compressor delivery pressure enters the cylinder. Process 5-1-13-11 represents the exhaust proc ess. When the exhaust valve first opens (point 5) some of the gas in the cylinder escapes to the exhaust manifold expanding along line 5-7 if the expansion is isentropic. Thus the remaining gas in the cylinder is at P7, when the piston moves towards the TDC, displacing the cylinder contents through the exhaust valve into the exhaust pipe against the back pressure. At the end of the exhaust stroke the cylinder retains a volume (Vcl) of residual combustion products, which for simplicity can be assumed to remain there. The maximum possible energy that could be extracted during the expulsion stroke will be represented by area 7-8-10-11, where 7-8 represents isentropic expansion down to the ambient pressure. Figure3: Turbocharged Ideal Pressure Limited cycle (Watson and Janota, 1982) There are two distinct areas in figure 3 representing energy available from the exhaust gas, the blow down energy (area 5-8-9) and the work done by the piston (area 13-9-10-11). The maximum possible energy available to drive a turbocharger turbine will clearly be the sum of these two areas. Although the energy associated with one area is easier to harness than the other, it is difficult to devise a system that will harness all of the energy. To achieve that, the turbine inlet pressure must rise instantaneously to P5 when the exhaust valve opens, followed by isentropic expansion of the exhaust gas through P7 to the ambient pressure (P8=Pa). During the displacement part of the exhaust process, the turbine inlet pressure must be held at P7. Such a series of process is impracticable. Considering the simpler process in which a large chamber is fitted between the engine and the turbine inlet in order to damp down the pulsating exhaust gas flow. By forming a restriction to the flow, the turbine may maintain its inlet pressure at P7 for the whole cycle. The available work at the turbine will then be given by area 7-8-10-11. This is the ideal constant pressure system . Next consider an alternative system, in which a turbine wheel is placed directly downstream of the engine close to the exhaust valve. If there were no losses in the port, the gas would expand directly out through the turbine along line 5-6-7-8, assuming isentropic expansion. If the turbine area were sufficiently large, both cylinders and the turbine inlet pressure would drop to P9 before the piston had moved significantly up the bore. Hence the available energy at the turbine would be given by area 5-8-9. This can be considered the ideal pulse system. The system commonly used and referred to as constant pressure and pulse are based on the above principles but in practice they differ from these ideals. Constant Pressure Turbocharging In constant pressure turbocharging exhaust ports from all the cylinders are connected to a single exhaust manifold, whose volume is sufficiently large to dampen down the unsteady flow entering from each cylinder. When the exhaust valve of a cylinder opens, the gas expands down to the (constant) pressure in the exhaust manifold without doing useful work. However, not all of the pulse energy is lost. From the law of conservation of energy, the only energy actually lost between the cylinder and turbine will be due to heat transfer. With a well-insulated manifold, this loss will be very small and can be neglected. Consider what happens to the gas leaving the cylinder, expanding down into the exhaust manifold, and then flowing through the turbine. At the moment of the exhaust valve opening, the cylinder pressure will be much higher than the exhaust manifold pressure. During the early stages of valve opening (when the effective throat area of the valve is very small) the press ure ratio across the valve will be above the choked value. Hence gas flow will accelerate to sonic velocity in the throat followed by the shock wave at the valve throat and sudden expansion to the exhaust manifold pressure. Due to the turbulent mixing and throttling, no pressure recovery occurs. The stagnation enthalpy remains unchanged and hence flow from the valve to turbine is accompanied by an increase in entropy. As the valve continues to open the cylinder pressure will fall and flow through the valve which becomes subsonic. The flow will continue to accelerate to the valve throat and then expand to a pressure in the exhaust manifold. The energy available to useful work in the turbine is given by isentropic enthalpy change across the turbine, whereas the actual energy recovered is given by the enthalpy change across the turbine. Clearly it is a lack of recovery of the kinetic energy leaving the valve throat and throttling gases that lead to poor exhaust gas energy utilization with the constant pressure system. If the exhaust manifold is not sufficiently large, the blow down or the first part of the exhaust pulse from the cylinder will raise the general pressure in the manifold. If the engine has more than three cylinders, it is inevitable that at the moment when the blow down pulse from the cylinder arrives in the manifold, another cylinder is nearing the end of its exhaust process. The pressure in the latter cylinder will be low; hence any increase in exhaust manifold pressure will impede or even reverse its exhaust processes. This will be particularly important where the cylinder has both intake and exhaust valves partially open and is relying on a through-flow of air for scavenging of the burnt combustion products. There are some advantages and disadvantages of using a constant pressure system: Conditions at the turbine entry are steady with time. Therefore losses in the turbine that result from unsteady flow are absent. A single entry turbine may be used, eliminating end of sector losses. Single turbocharger can be used on all multi-cylinder engines, it will be a large turbocharger unit and since it is a large unit it will have low leakage losses and hence have higher efficiency. Turbines designed for constant pressure turbocharging have a high degree of reaction (50%) which, coupled with exhaust diffuser, brings additional gains in efficiency. From a practical point of view, exhaust manifold is simple to construct although it may be rather bulky, particularly relative to small engines with few cylinders. Transient response of the system is poor. Due to the large volume of gas in the exhaust manifold, the pressure is slow to rise, resulting in poor engine response and making it unsuitable for applications with frequent load or speed changes. Pulse turbocharging Although the constant pressure system is commonly used on certain types of engines, the vast majority of turbocharged engines in Europe use a pulse turbocharging system. In the practical pulse system an attempt is made to utilize the energy represented by both pulse and constant pressure areas of figure 2. The objective is to make the maximum use of high pressure and temperature exist in the cylinder at the moment of exhaust valve opening, even at the expense of the creating highly unsteady flow through the turbine. In most cases the benefit from increasing the available energy will more than offset the loss in the turbine efficiency due to the unsteady flow. Now consider small exhaust manifold as shown in figure. Due to the small volume of exhaust manifold, a pressure build up will occur during the exhaust blow-down period. This results from a flow rate of gases entering the manifold through the valve exceeding that of gas through the turbine. At the moment the exhau st valve starts to open, the pressure in the cylinder will be 6 to 10 times more than the atmospheric pressure, whereas the pressure in the exhaust manifold will be close to atmospheric. Therefore the initial pressure drop across the valve is above the critical value at which choking occurs and the flow will be sonic. Further expansion of the gas to the exhaust manifold pressure occurs by sudden expansion at the exhaust manifold recovery occurs due to turbulent mixing. The stagnation enthalpy remains constant hence the flow from the valve throat is accompanied by an increase in entropy. Finally the gas expands through the turbine to atmospheric pressure, doing useful work. The out-flowing gas from the cylinder loses a very large part of its available energy in throttling and turbulence after passing the minimum section of the exhaust valve. If the ratio of valve throat area to manifold cross section area is very small then throttling losses are very large and pressure dro p across the valve is very large, during the initial stages of valve opening. Following further opening of the exhaust valve the cylinder pressure increases, reducing the throttling losses across the valve. The pressure drop across the turbine is now much larger, transferring the available energy to the turbine, which represents a much larger proportion of the available energy in the cylinder. At the end position of the valve opening the flow is sub-sonic and the throttling loss is reduced and is equivalent to the kinetic energy at the entry to the exhaust manifold. During the exhaust stroke, the flow process follows approximately the constant pressure pattern as described in the previous section. At the exhaust valve, the pressure in the exhaust manifold approaches atmospheric value. With pulse operation, a much larger portion of the exhaust energy can be made available to the turbine by considerably reducing throttling losses across the exhaust valve. The speed at w hich the exhaust valve opens to its full area and the size of the exhaust manifold become important factors as far as energy concerned. If the exhaust valve can be made to open faster, the throttling losses become smaller during the initial exhaust period. Furthermore, if the area of exhaust manifold is smaller than the rise in pressure of exhaust manifold will be faster, contributing to a further reduction in throttling losses in the early stages of the blow-down period. A small exhaust manifold also causes a much more rapid fall in pressure towards the end of the exhaust process improving scavenging and reducing pumping work. This discussion has therefore focused on the single cylinder engine connected to the exhaust manifold. However, in the case of a multi-cylinder engine this problem becomes more complicated. Because the turbocharger may be located at the one end of the engine, narrow pipes are used to connect the cylinders to the turbine to keep the exhaust manifold size as small as possible. By using the narrow pipes the area increase following the valve throat is greatly reduced, keeping throttling losses to a minimum. Scan dig7.2 Consider again a single cylinder engine, connected to a turbine by a long narrow pipe as shown in figure. Since the large quantity of exhaust energy becomes available in the form of a pressure wave, which travels along the pipe to the turbine at sonic velocity, the conditions at the exhaust valve and the turbine are not the same at a given time. Therefore the flow process at the exhaust pipe and at the turbine end, have to be presented separately as shown in figure. For simplicity, pressure wave reflections in the pipe are ignored. During the first part of the exhaust process, in the choked region of flow through the valve, the gas is accelerated to sonic velocity at the throat. Since the contents of the pipe are initially at rest at atmospheric pressure, sudden expansion takes place across the valve throat. However some of the kinetic energy is retained as dependent on the valve throat area to pipe cross-section area. As the valve opens further the pressure at the exhaust pipe entry rises rapidly. This is firstly because a certain amount of time is required for the acceleration of the outgoing gases, and secondly because the gases enter the exhaust pipe from the cylinder at a higher rate than they are leaving the exhaust pipe at the turbine end. The sudden pressure rise at the pipe entry is transmitted along the pipe in the form of a pressure wave and will arrive at the turbine displaced in time. This displacement is a function of length of pipe and properties of gas. The pressure drop across the valve is noticeably reduced due to the rapid drop in cylinder pressure and the rise in the pipe pressure and also because the valve throat area to pipe area ratio has increased. Both effects considerably reduce throttling losses. The velocity at the turbine end of the pipe is greater than velocity after the valve, due to the arrival of high pressure wave at the turbine end. In the subcritical flow region of blow down period, the pressure in the exhaust falls at the same time as that in the cylinder. The velocity at the valve throat is equal to the velocity in the pipe, since the valve is fully open. At the turbine exhaust gas expands to atmospheric pressure, doing useful work in the turbine. It has been established that the pulse turbocharging system results in greater energy availability at the turbine. As the pressure wave travels through the pipe, it carries a large portion of pressure energy and small portion of kinetic energy, which is affected by friction. The gain obtained through the use of a narrow exhaust pipe is achieved partly by reducing throttling losses at the early stages of the blow down period and partly by preserving kinetic energy. Thus the small diameter exhaust pipe is essential because this will preserve high gas velocity from the valve to the turbine. However if pipes are made too narrow, viscous friction at the pipe wall will become excessive. The optimum exhaust manifold pipe diameter will be a compromise, but the cross sectional area should not be significantly greater than the geometric valve area at full lift. The actual flow through a pulse exhaust system is highly unsteady and is affected by pulse reflections from the turbine and closed exhaust valves. It will be evident that effective time of arrival of a reflected pulse changes as per the engine speed. Hence the exhaust pipe length is critical and must be optimized to suit the speed range of the engine. The interference of reflected pressure waves with the scavenging process is the most critical aspect of a pulse turbocharging system, particularly on the engine with a very long valve overlap. Because of this phenomenon it is impossible to connect an engine with more than three cylinders to the same turbine without using a twin-entry turbine or introducing losses on the intake or exhaust processes. The advantage of pulse over the constant pressure turbocharging is that the energy available for conversion to useful work in the turbine is greater. The ideal pulse turbocharging must have following characteristics: The peak of blow-down pulse must occur just before the bottom dead centre of the cylinder, followed by a rapid pressure drop to below boost pressure. The boost pressure must be above the exhaust manifold pressure to aid the scavenging process during the valve overlap. The effectiveness of pulse system is governed by the gas exchange process and overall efficiency of the turbocharger under unsteady flow conditions. Pulse converters in turbocharging The pulse turbocharging system has been found to be superior as compared to the constant pressure system on the majority of todays diesel engines. In the previous section it is made clear that the pulse turbocharging is most effective when groups of three cylinders are connected to the turbine entry. When one or two cylinders are connected to a turbine the average turbine efficiency and expansion ratio tend to fall due to the wide spacing of exhaust gases pulses. To overcome some of these advantages pulse converter has been developed. Birmann was the first to use the term pulse converter. His main objective was to design a device that preserved the unsteady flow of gases from the cylinder during the exhaust and valve overlap periods, yet to maintain a steady flow at the turbine, so that it might be possible to achieve good scavenging and high turbine efficiency. For good scavenging he proposed a jet pump system, by using high velocity of gas issuing from a central nozzle to decrease the pressure in short pipes at the exhaust valves. The system shown in figure 8.1 has some disadvantages as following: Each nozzle must be larger than last which results in high manufacturing cost. The whole installation is bulky and complex. Because much of exhaust gases will pass through several ejectors and diffusers, the frictional and diffusion losses will be high. There is insufficient length between exhaust ports to permits efficient pressure recovery in the diffusers. The majority of pulse converters in use today are based on the concept of minimum energy loss, even if this means not only a loss of all suction effect, but also some pressure wave difference during scavenging. To avoid high mixing losses at the junction, the area reduction in the inlet nozzles is usually small (junction area 50% of pipe area), while the mixing length and plenum and often even the diffuser are omitted completely, as suggested by Petak (as cited in Watson and Janota, 1982). These simple pulse converters have the added advantage of adding little over-all length to the exhaust system. A typical example from a four stroke engine is shown in figure 8.4. The pulse converter is specified by the nozzle and throat area ratios. Clearly such a pulse converter will generate no suction, but the flow losses through it will be very much less than in more complex designs. Tests on a model pulse converters by Watson and Janota (1971) have shown that the area reduction at nozzles has to be severe to reduce pulse propagation substantially. The penalty accompanying large area reductions in the inlet nozzles is higher internal losses and hence reduces the amount of energy available for useful expansion through the turbine. In practice this means that the minimum possible area reduction is used, consistent with reasonable scavenging. It follows that the design of the pulse converter is a compromise between minimum losses and reduction of the pulse interaction between the inlet branches. The compromise adopted may vary from one engine design to another, depending on the amount of pulse interference, etc. 8.0 References Watson, N and Janota, M, 1982, Turbocharging the Internal Combustion Engine, MacMilan, Great Britain. Heywood, John, B, 1988,Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill Stone, R, 1992, Introduction To Internal Combustion Engine, MacMilan, Great Britain. Azzoni, P, Moro, D, Ponti, F Rizzoni, G, 1998, Engine and load torque estimation with application to electronic throttle control, SAE paper No. 980795, Society of Automotive Engineers. 9.0 Bibliography Notes posted by Dr Les Mitchell on studynet Report Writing guide posted by Dr. Rodney Day on studynet

Conflict Management Analysis - 852 Words

LP 4 | Conflict Management Analysis | Organizational Development 196-168 | | Paul Guell | 1/8/2011 | Marla Pearce, Instructor | Whether you work for a manufacturing facility or the health care system, conflict is unavoidable. As a manager, you must learn to deal with conflict in the workplace. In this paper I will describe the different styles of conflict management. I will also discuss my preferred conflict management style with examples of its use. Lastly, I will describe a situation at work and how a conflict management strategy could have improved that situation. There are five different conflict managing styles. They are: avoiding, accommodating, competing, compromising, and collaborating. First I will†¦show more content†¦This style is used when both sides need to make a decision and they both need to give up something to gain something. Unfortunately, these decisions tend to be temporary because neither side got exactly what they wanted. One positive use for this style is when a decision needs to be reached under a time constraint. This style is also useful as a backup conflict manag ement style to collaboration or competing (Nelson and Quick). Finally, the last conflict management style is called collaborating. Collaborating involves discussing the situation and arriving at a decision that is beneficial to both parties involved. This style can be used in situations where the goal is to learn or when both issues are too important to compromise on. Collaborating requires both parties to be honest and open when discussing the problem. Because both parties are opening up and exchanging information, collaborating can lead to better working relationships between employees (Nelson and Quick). After doing activity 13.2 in the text book, I discovered that I favored both collaborating and compromising conflict management styles. This was surprising because I figured that I would use the accommodating style the most. One situation where I used the compromising style at work was during a period when the production department wanted increased quality checks done on a troublesome engine part. The 2nd shift production supervisor and I sat down in aShow MoreRelatedTraining Needs Analysis Results, Evaluation Results And From My Own Observation941 Words   |  4 PagesThis reflective essay will looking at analysis skills in relation, to the evaluation of the training session. This essay will also compare the training needs analysis results, evaluation results and from my own observation and reflection. It will also identify the strengths and weaknesses of the training session. Some of the strengths are: engaged and activities which was presented. Whilst, the weakness are: time management and cohesiveness. Furthermore, this training session will also provide recommendationsRead MoreQuantitative Research : Data Collection1527 Words   |  7 PagesQuantitative research involves the collection and converting of data in numerical form to enable statistical calculations be made and conclusions drawn. It provides a measure of how people think, feel or b ehave and uses the statistical analysis to determine the results. However, this measurement result in numbers, or data, being collected, which is then analyzed by using quantitative research methods (Byrne, 2007). In quantitative research, data collection involves the gathering of informationRead MoreQuantitative Research : Data Collection1562 Words   |  7 Pages Quantitative research involves the collection and converting of data in numerical form to enable statistical calculations be made and conclusions drawn. It provides a measure of how people think, feel or behave and uses the statistical analysis to determine the results. However, this measurement result in numbers, or data, being collected, which is then analyzed by using quantitative research methods (Byrne, 2007). In quantitative research, data collection involves the gathering of informationRead MoreEssay Case Study- General Hospital972 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: ANALYSIS OF: â€Å"CONFLICT RESOLUTION AT GENERAL HOSPITAL† Analysis of: â€Å"Conflict Resolution at General Hospital† August 22, 2010 Abstract This is paper will address the conflict at General Hospital and discuss the conflict management styles that are evident in the case. Next, there will be a discussion of how General Hospital could have used teams to address the cost reductions needed to stay competitive. A description of how HammerRead MoreConflict Management Styles Among Corporate Executives1161 Words   |  5 Pagesprevious researchers’ efforts and expertise. A potential research study on â€Å"Conflict Management Styles among Corporate Executives in Developing Countries – Nigeria a Case Study† is considered for a signature assignment. Conflict is inevitable and exists everywhere. In organizational system, conflict and methods of conflict management influences different groups (employees, management team and executives). Conflicts are realities of life and can be defined as a â€Å"situation of competition in whichRead MoreSolving The Conflict Resolution : Active Listening And Good Communication821 Words   |  4 Pageshelp them resolve their conflict. â€Å"Arbitration is a time-tested, cost-effective alternative to ligation. Arbitration is the submission of a dispute to one or more impartial persons for a final and binding decision, known as an ‘award’. Awards are made in writing and generally final and binding on the parties in the case† (American Arbitration Association). The Communication Process Communication is one of the key elements of the conflict resolution process. The most of the conflicting situationsRead MoreConflict Between Team Performance And Task Related Conflict1528 Words   |  7 PagesConflict forms According to Kurtzberg Mueller (2005), there are three main types of conflicts. The first type of conflict they describe is process related conflict that is based on the work procedures, how well work performance is and the obligations, roles, and responsibilities of teams. The second form of conflict is relationship-based conflict in which relationships and interaction play a major part between team members and individuals. Finally, the third type of conflict is task-related conflictRead MoreConflict Management Styles Among Corporate Executives1161 Words   |  5 Pagesprevious researchers’ efforts and expertise. A potential research study on â€Å"Conflict Management Styles among Corporate Executives in Developing Countries – Nigeria a Case Study† is considered for a signature assignment. Conflict is inevitable and exists everywhere. In organizational system, conflict and methods of conflict management influences different groups (employees, management team a nd executives). Conflicts are realities of life and can be defined as a â€Å"situation of competition in whichRead MoreEssay about Thomas Green Case1081 Words   |  5 PagesGael Cleophat MNGT 502 Dr. Premeaux Case Analysis Thomas Green: Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis 1) What are the work styles and personalities of Thomas Green and Frank Davis? Thomas Green and Frank Davis use different working styles, and their personalities are also very different. When dealing with clients, Frank uses memos, proposals and also uses data to back up his proposals and give the client a better idea on what they are investing in. Thomas is more ofRead More conflict management styles Essay559 Words   |  3 PagesConflict Management Styles nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;How many people have conflicts with there parents? This is not a uncommon thing for young adults to show conflict with their parents. Conflicts are something that occur very often and it seems as though young adults have lots of conflicts with their parents. Some young adults feel as though, if they are eighteen, nineteen, or twenty that they are able to make their own decisions. Whether it be staying out past

Euthanasia Should Not Be Legal - 942 Words

In the event of someone with a terminal illness euthanasia, many believe may be the only option where the individual has the option to die and put an end to their pain and suffering. those who stand in agreement with these options, including myself, consider themselves pro-choice and provides the argument that euthanasia grants an individual the autonomy to make the ultimate decision in regards to their life. Others, believe that euthanasia deprives not only the individual affected but their families the ability of happiness or the option of life that that loved one. Euthanasia should be a decision made by the individual affected by the terminal illness and carried out by a licensed physician. Those seeking death through euthanasia should ultimately have the final say so in regards to when and how the individual dies. One of the more notable cases involving euthanasia, was the case of Brittany Maynard. Mrs. Maynard was an advocate of the Death with Dignity law passed by the state of Oregon, which allows for anShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia Should Not Be Legal1683 Words   |  7 PagesEuthanasia is derived from the Greek, â€Å"eu† meaning good, and â€Å"thanatos† translating to death, together the word makes â€Å"good death†. A person who is terminally ill often goes through excruciating pain and suffering. Ultimately, the right to euthanize a terminally ill patient should be legal across the nation because that person doesn’t see an end to their anguish, so they wish to turn to euthanasia. Euthanasia frees the patient’s body and mind, lets them die with dignity, and their loved ones don’tRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legal? Essay1449 Words   |  6 Pages Euthanasia: The Right to Die Euthanasia is a concept that has been around for a very long time. It has been practiced since ancient Greece. We all have different opinions towards it; some of us might be for it and others against it. In most parts of the world Euthanasia is illegal. Many countries have denied the right to euthanasia, but is that fair and ethical? It is the painless killing of a patient’s agony from an incurable and painful disease. Euthanasia should be legal. SomeoneRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legal?1387 Words   |  6 Pagesunexpectedly† (Wpadmin). This shows that many people show aversion towards euthanasia and would not want themselves to be euthanized. Euthanasia occurs when someone is suffering from a painful or incurable disease and they prefer to die. It is done by taking them off of life support or not giving them essential supplies to live such as food, medications, oxygen, and more. There are countless debates of whether or not euthanasia should be legal, and whethe r or not it benefits people. Some countries allow itRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legal?1061 Words   |  5 PagesDetermining Euthanasia Millions of precious lives have been deliberately taken throughout the world due to the new Euthanasia Law. Euthanasia is the practicing of assisted suicide, due to terminally ill patients or depression. The practicing has just been legalized September 2015, and will be put into effect in California January 1 2016. Although, it is still being argued if adolescents should have the right fro this and if it’s morally correct all together. Euthanasia should be illegalRead MoreEuthanasia Should Not Be Legal1520 Words   |  7 Pages Euthanasia or commonly known as Physician-Assisted Suicide is defined as the painless killing of a patient who is suffering from an incurable and painful disease or is in an irreversible coma. It is an act that speeds up death. Some people consider euthanasia to be a mercy killing and others consider it to be murder. This practice is illegal in most countries. In the United States, however, six states have legalized physician-assisted suicide even though most states, 44 to be more specific, haveRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legal?1919 Words   |  8 Pages Euthanasia is a widely debated topic of the 21st century. Many places have legalized it, others refuse to even talk about the subject. However, more and more people are wanting their right to die to be recognized while others fight back against that right. A lot has to go into the backing and thinking about euthanasia, beginning with the different types that there are. After that, you would have to look at both sides to analyze why it would be a good practice to have, or a bad one. ManyRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legal?1360 Words   |  6 PagesOwadara Adedamola ENG 101 Prof. Skeen 24 November 2015 Legalizing Euthanasia â€Å"Euthanasia is defined as conduct that brings about an easy and painless death for persons suffering from an incurable or painful disease or condition† (Muckart, et al 259). Euthanasia, also dying with dignity, is the practice of the termination of a terminally ill person s life in order to relieve them of their suffering. Euthanasia is one of today’s most controversial health issues with debates on people’s rightRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legal?1311 Words   |  6 Pageshave used euthanasia, or physician assisted suicide. They used it with the purpose of releasing their soul and the pain that they could not endure any longer. Euthanasia is a process provided by the medical system today that involves active and passive euthanasia. Physician assisted suicide is spreading across the world, and people are using it legally. In the U.S, euthanasia has been legalized in some states so people are trying to take advantage of it. Many people have used euthanasia so they wouldRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legal?1183 Words   |  5 PagesThe word euthanasia is defined as good death, but this meaning cannot be taken literally without analyzing its underlying implications (Vaughn 595). The primary issues that must be raised when discussing euthanasia are differentiating between active and passive forms, analyzing the values that people place on their life and realizing that euthanasia is beneficial. Euthanasia provides a means for patients who are in agony to be relieved of their condition while ensuring that doctors follow appropriateRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legal?2146 Words   |  9 PagesWho should be in charge of ending your life? Understanding euthanasia in its entirety can only be met when one knows the various forms it can take. They include passive, active, voluntary, and involuntary. Passive euthanasia refers to the practice of medical practitioners refraining from providing treatment in turn, allowing death. Active euthanasia, on the other hand, involves the deliberate killing of a person, using medical skills and knowledge as an instrument (Sheldon). The primary concern in

Innovative Business Model Woolworths Has Applied-Free samples

Question: What Is Strategy Business Model Innovation? Answer: Introducation: The main idea that can be inferred from the video is the in-depth thought of the word strategy. It cannot be taken as a straight line of idea, which can be channelized in a definite direction. The loopholes or the weakness of the organization can be bought in notice of the people in various ways. To gain a competitive advantage in the market, the organization needs to follow a definite set of ideas (Madsen and Walker 2015). The main concern of the management will be to implement the ideas successfully so that the organization will have a competitive advantage over the rivals in the industry. It is however not necessary to use a set of pre-determined ideas for all the matters that the organization may need to look in to and rather be open in changing the ideas when needed. The main objective of the organization needs to be the elimination of the competition so that they can maximize its profits in the market (Rothaermel 2015). The competitive factor of the organization needs to be in the right market, which should consist of differences in the values that are present in the market. The strategies of the company need to be precise and adaptable to sudden changes so that they can adapt to the changes that may take place in the marketplace. Zara, a retail garment company can be used as one of the best example in the case of advanced strategy. The generation of cash is one of the superior strategies that is used by the company. However, in the present scenario it can be seen that Zara has managed to do the same with portfolio, taking care of the interests of the stakeholders and performance surveillance. The company prioritizes the 4Ps that help them in ensuring the best value in the current market where they are operating (Collett 2013). Keeping these in mind, the company recently is trying to incorporate the strategies that will help them in generating excess revenue and increase the asset side of the balance sheet. To look after the safety of the employees so that it ensures that they are not subjected to injury in the workplace with respect to the health hazards that prevail. The company tries in all way possible to look after the employees so that the productivity level increases. The important assets help in increa sing the generation of revenue within the company (Rashidirad, Soltani and Syed 2013). This helps in increasing the portfolio of the company as it helps in creating a strong customer base and the operational excellence of the company keeps on improving continuously. The individual qualities of the employees are taken in to account while building up a team, which helps the company in achieving the goals and objectives of the company. One of the major advantages that the company has is that it the management can understand the challenges that the employees may face. The company is in an advanced state because of the strength that the employees have with the management body of the company. Business Model Innovation The companies that have a global presence needs to have clear idea about when they should start to innovate certain products and service their their brand name. The innovative business model assists the companies by giving them path-breaking ideas about how to be creative in launching a new product in the market. In the recent business world, the primary concern for all the companies needs to be in how to satisfy the customers by applying suitable strategies on regular intervals (Massa and Tucci 2013). The innovative idea needs to be linked to the competitive advantage of the company so that the company can earn more profits. The innovation needs to be based on the ideas that would help in attracting the customers towards the products. There needs to be adequate resources within the company so that they can implement the technological advancements that they want to maximize their profits. However, it is to be noted that advancements in technology is not the primary factor that the co mpany requires to earn excess profits. The capability to penetrate with an excellent idea also helps the companies to be advanced in the market (Schneider and Spieth 2013). Innovation helps in implementing the best and the right ideas that will help the company to meet its goals. The main concern of the organization should be to satisfy the customers by giving them the right products, which will help them effectively. This will help the company in gaining benefit in the market, which will directly result in revenue generation. The innovative business model that Woolworths has applied is that it has gone in to a partnership with Coles so that it can deliver the products at a cheaper price by maintaining the quality at the same time. This approach by the company has helped in increasing the level of customer satisfaction. The products that the company delivers helped in making the customers believe that they deliver the best and cheap products and services (Weiss 2014). The infrastructure of the company is maintained in a better way, which directly results in better management of the inventory. The company in order to maintain good relations with the customer gives the option of delivering the goods to their doorsteps, which makes it easy for the customers. The company manages its inventory in an intelligent way, which directly helps in lowering the depreciation value of the goods and products (Spieth, Schneckenberg and Ricart 2015). These aspects have been already followed in the retailing industry. However , by getting intrigues from the rival companies like Tesco and others, the company changed its innovation model so that it will help them in fostering faith amongst the customers, which will result in creating a large customer base. The company has managed to collect the information from its rivals, which has helped them in successfully innovating ideas for maximizing the profits of the company. The positive rise in the profit for longer period of years has been possible due to the changes in the innovation of their business model. Reference List Collett Miles, P., 2013. Competitive strategy: the link between service characteristics and customer satisfaction.International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences,5(4), pp.395-414. Madsen, T.L. and Walker, G., 2015.Modern competitive strategy. McGraw Hill. Massa, L. and Tucci, C.L., 2013. Business model innovation.The Oxford Handbook of Innovafion Management, pp.420-441. Rashidirad, M., Soltani, E. and Syed, J., 2013. Strategic alignment between competitive strategy and dynamic capability: Conceptual framework and hypothesis development.Strategic Change,22(3?4), pp.213-224. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Schneider, S. and Spieth, P., 2013. Business model innovation: Towards an integrated future research agenda.International Journal of Innovation Management,17(01), p.1340001. Spieth, P., Schneckenberg, D. and Ricart, J.E., 2014. Business model innovationstate of the art and future challenges for the field.RD Management,44(3), pp.237-247. Weiss, J.W., 2014.Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.